Michael Kaeding is Jean Monnet Professor for European Integration and European Union Politics at the Institute of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen (Germany). He is also Director of Studies at the Department of European Political and Governance Studies, part of the College of Europe in Bruges (Belgium), Visiting Fellow of the European Institute of Public Administration in Maastricht (the Netherlands), and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Ljubljana (Slovenia). From 2016 to 2019 he was Chairman of the Trans European Policy Studies Association. Johannes Pollak is Professor of International Relations and Rector of Webster Vienna Private University (Austria). Prior to holding this position, he headed the Department of Political Science at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna (on leave). In summer 2019, he was elected Chair of the Board at the Institute of European Politics in Berlin (Germany).Paul Schmidt is Secretary General of the Austrian Society for European Politics, which promotes and supports analysis and communication on European affairs. He has previously worked at the Oesterreichische Nationalbank, both in Vienna and at their Representative Office in Brussels at the Permanent Representation of Austria to the European Union.

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• Chapter 1. Austria.- Chapter 2. Belgium.- Chapter 3. Bulgaria.- Chapter 4. Croatia.- Chapter 5. Cyprus.- Chapter 6. Czechia.- Chapter 7. Denmark.- Chapter 8. Estonia.- Chapter 9. Finland.- Chapter 10. France.- Chapter 11. Germany.- Chapter 12. Greece.-Chapter 13. Hungary.- Chapter 14. Ireland.- Chapter 15. Italy.- Chapter 16. Latvia.- Chapter 17. Lithuania.- Chapter 18. Luxembourg.- Chapter 19. Malta.- Chapter 20. Poland.- Chapter 21. Portugal.- Chapter 22. Romania.- Chapter 23. Slovakia.- Chapter 24. Slovenia.- Chapter 25. Spain.- Chapter 26. Sweden.- Chapter 27. Netherlands.- Chapter 28. Albania.- Chapter 29. Bosnia.- Chapter 30. Georgia.- Chapter 31. Iceland.- Chapter 32. Kosovo.- Chapter 33. Liechtenstein.- Chapter 34. Moldova.- Chapter 35. Montenegro.- Chapter 36. North Macedonia.- Chapter 37. Norway.- Chapter 38. Serbia.- Chapter 39. Switzerland.- Chapter 40. Türkiye.- Chapter 41. Ukraine.- Chapter 42. United Kingdom.

Michael Kaeding is Jean Monnet Professor for European Integration and European Union Politics at the Institute of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen (Germany). He is also Director of Studies at the Department of European Political and Governance Studies, part of the College of Europe in Bruges (Belgium), Visiting Fellow of the European Institute of Public Administration in Maastricht (the Netherlands), and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Ljubljana (Slovenia). From 2016 to 2019 he was Chairman of the Trans European Policy Studies Association. Johannes Pollak is Professor of International Relations and Rector of Webster Vienna Private University (Austria). Prior to holding this position, he headed the Department of Political Science at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna (on leave). In summer 2019, he was elected Chair of the Board at the Institute of European Politics in Berlin (Germany).Paul Schmidt is Secretary General of the Austrian Society for European Politics, which promotes and supports analysis and communication on European affairs. He has previously worked at the Oesterreichische Nationalbank, both in Vienna and at their Representative Office in Brussels at the Permanent Representation of Austria to the European Union.

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• Chapter 1. Austria.- Chapter 2. Belgium.- Chapter 3. Bulgaria.- Chapter 4. Croatia.- Chapter 5. Cyprus.- Chapter 6. Czechia.- Chapter 7. Denmark.- Chapter 8. Estonia.- Chapter 9. Finland.- Chapter 10. France.- Chapter 11. Germany.- Chapter 12. Greece.-Chapter 13. Hungary.- Chapter 14. Ireland.- Chapter 15. Italy.- Chapter 16. Latvia.- Chapter 17. Lithuania.- Chapter 18. Luxembourg.- Chapter 19. Malta.- Chapter 20. Poland.- Chapter 21. Portugal.- Chapter 22. Romania.- Chapter 23. Slovakia.- Chapter 24. Slovenia.- Chapter 25. Spain.- Chapter 26. Sweden.- Chapter 27. Netherlands.- Chapter 28. Albania.- Chapter 29. Bosnia.- Chapter 30. Georgia.- Chapter 31. Iceland.- Chapter 32. Kosovo.- Chapter 33. Liechtenstein.- Chapter 34. Moldova.- Chapter 35. Montenegro.- Chapter 36. North Macedonia.- Chapter 37. Norway.- Chapter 38. Serbia.- Chapter 39. Switzerland.- Chapter 40. Türkiye.- Chapter 41. Ukraine.- Chapter 42. United Kingdom.

Michael Kaeding is Jean Monnet Professor for European Integration and European Union Politics at the Institute of Political Science, University of Duisburg-Essen (Germany). He is also Director of Studies at the Department of European Political and Governance Studies, part of the College of Europe in Bruges (Belgium), Visiting Fellow of the European Institute of Public Administration in Maastricht (the Netherlands), and Senior Research Fellow at the University of Ljubljana (Slovenia). From 2016 to 2019 he was Chairman of the Trans European Policy Studies Association. Johannes Pollak is Professor of International Relations and Rector of Webster Vienna Private University (Austria). Prior to holding this position, he headed the Department of Political Science at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna (on leave). In summer 2019, he was elected Chair of the Board at the Institute of European Politics in Berlin (Germany).Paul Schmidt is Secretary General of the Austrian Society for European Politics, which promotes and supports analysis and communication on European affairs. He has previously worked at the Oesterreichische Nationalbank, both in Vienna and at their Representative Office in Brussels at the Permanent Representation of Austria to the European Union.

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• Chapter 1. Austria.- Chapter 2. Belgium.- Chapter 3. Bulgaria.- Chapter 4. Croatia.- Chapter 5. Cyprus.- Chapter 6. Czechia.- Chapter 7. Denmark.- Chapter 8. Estonia.- Chapter 9. Finland.- Chapter 10. France.- Chapter 11. Germany.- Chapter 12. Greece.-Chapter 13. Hungary.- Chapter 14. Ireland.- Chapter 15. Italy.- Chapter 16. Latvia.- Chapter 17. Lithuania.- Chapter 18. Luxembourg.- Chapter 19. Malta.- Chapter 20. Poland.- Chapter 21. Portugal.- Chapter 22. Romania.- Chapter 23. Slovakia.- Chapter 24. Slovenia.- Chapter 25. Spain.- Chapter 26. Sweden.- Chapter 27. Netherlands.- Chapter 28. Albania.- Chapter 29. Bosnia.- Chapter 30. Georgia.- Chapter 31. Iceland.- Chapter 32. Kosovo.- Chapter 33. Liechtenstein.- Chapter 34. Moldova.- Chapter 35. Montenegro.- Chapter 36. North Macedonia.- Chapter 37. Norway.- Chapter 38. Serbia.- Chapter 39. Switzerland.- Chapter 40. Türkiye.- Chapter 41. Ukraine.- Chapter 42. United Kingdom.