Dr. Jie Xu is currently a Postdoctoral Fellow at Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong. She received her B.Eng. degree in Information Security and B.A. degree in Communication from University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 2017, M.Eng. degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from USTC in 2020, and Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from City University of Hong Kong in 2024. She received multiple awards, including the CityU Presidential Ph.D. Scholarship, Best Paper Runner-Up Award at IEEE MASS 2018, and National Scholarship of China. Her research interests include distributed consensus and blockchains, trustworthy artificial intelligence, data privacy, and cybersecurity. Her work has appeared in journals and conferences, including IEEE TPDS, IEEE TIFS, ACM Computing Surveys, and ICDCS. She serves as a reviewer for several journals, including ACM Computing Surveys, IEEE Transactions on Computers, and IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing. Prof. Xiaohua Jia is an IEEE Fellow and ACM Distinguished Member. He is currently a Chair Professor of the Department of Computer Science at City University of Hong Kong and Director of the Center of Decentralized Trust Computing (CDTC). He received his BSc and MSc in Computer Science from the University of Science and Technology of China in 1984 and 1986, respectively, and his DSc degree in Information Science from the University of Tokyo in 1991. His research interests include distributed systems, data privacy and security, and cloud computing. He serves as an Editor for IEEE Transactions on Computers, Journal of Networks, and World Wide Web: Internet and Web Information Systems. He has served as the General Chair for conferences including IEEE ICDCS 2023, ACM ICN 2019, and ACM MobiHoc 2008.

• Introduction.- Overview of Blockchain.- Blockchain Consensus Protocols.- Adaptive and Scalable Design for Proof of Work Blockchains.- Adaptive and Scalable Design for Proof of Stake Blockchains.- Adaptive and Scalable Design for Sharding-based Blockchains.- Future Work.- Conclusion.

Dr. Jie Xu is currently a Postdoctoral Fellow at Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong. She received her B.Eng. degree in Information Security and B.A. degree in Communication from University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in 2017, M.Eng. degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from USTC in 2020, and Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from City University of Hong Kong in 2024. She received multiple awards, including the CityU Presidential Ph.D. Scholarship, Best Paper Runner-Up Award at IEEE MASS 2018, and National Scholarship of China. Her research interests include distributed consensus and blockchains, trustworthy artificial intelligence, data privacy, and cybersecurity. Her work has appeared in journals and conferences, including IEEE TPDS, IEEE TIFS, ACM Computing Surveys, and ICDCS. She serves as a reviewer for several journals, including ACM Computing Surveys, IEEE Transactions on Computers, and IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing. Prof. Xiaohua Jia is an IEEE Fellow and ACM Distinguished Member. He is currently a Chair Professor of the Department of Computer Science at City University of Hong Kong and Director of the Center of Decentralized Trust Computing (CDTC). He received his BSc and MSc in Computer Science from the University of Science and Technology of China in 1984 and 1986, respectively, and his DSc degree in Information Science from the University of Tokyo in 1991. His research interests include distributed systems, data privacy and security, and cloud computing. He serves as an Editor for IEEE Transactions on Computers, Journal of Networks, and World Wide Web: Internet and Web Information Systems. He has served as the General Chair for conferences including IEEE ICDCS 2023, ACM ICN 2019, and ACM MobiHoc 2008.

• Introduction.- Overview of Blockchain.- Blockchain Consensus Protocols.- Adaptive and Scalable Design for Proof of Work Blockchains.- Adaptive and Scalable Design for Proof of Stake Blockchains.- Adaptive and Scalable Design for Sharding-based Blockchains.- Future Work.- Conclusion.