This volume presents a multidisciplinary overview of microplastic pollution, exploring its sources, environmental distribution, detection methods, and ecological and human health impacts. It highlights current research on the degradation of plastics, the role of wastewater treatment plants, the emergence of nanoplastics, and the transport of pollutants via microplastic particles. The book also addresses innovative solutions, including green polymer synthesis, recycling strategies, and mitigation technologies.Special attention is given to the Mediterranean Sea and coastal regions, offering insights into ongoing projects and policy-relevant findings. This work is intended for scientists, industry professionals, and decision-makers in governmental and non-governmental organizations seeking a comprehensive understanding of the issue and actionable strategies for intervention.