The “anthropological turn” in ethnomusicology is generally associated with Alan P. Merriam’s “Anthropology of music” (1964). The present volume intends to correct this picture from a European perspective, presenting insights into early fieldwork-based ethnomusicology, hitherto largely restricted by linguistic borders. Eleven authors from different parts of Europe present pioneers in the field who carried out research on the continent and beyond as musicologists, philologists, and folklorists. The volume also includes panoramic overviews of folk music research from specific regional and national perspectives, including national and regional schools of early European ethnomusicology.