Functional Nanomaterials

Wai-Yeung Wong is Chair Professor of Chemical Technology and Dean of Faculty of Applied Science and Textiles at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), Hong Kong, China. He is also Professor of PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.Qingchen Dong is Full Professor at Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.

• Preface xiAbout the Editor xiii1 Earth-Abundant Metal-Based Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Water Splitting 1Weiran Zheng, Yong Li, and Lawrence Yoon Suk Lee1.1 Electrochemical Water Splitting 11.1.1 General Principle 11.1.2 Overpotential and Tafel Slope 31.1.3 Current Techniques 41.2 Earth-Abundant Metallic Nanomaterials 51.2.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) 61.2.1.1 Mechanism 61.2.1.2 Metal (M0) Nanoparticles 71.2.1.3 Metal (M0) Single-Atom Catalysts 81.2.1.4 Metal Phosphides 111.2.1.5 Metal Chalcogenides 121.2.1.6 Metal Nitrides 141.2.1.7 Metal Carbides 151.2.1.8 Metal Oxides/(Oxy)hydroxides 151.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 161.2.2.1 Mechanism 161.2.2.2 Metal Oxides/Hydroxides 191.2.2.3 Metal (Mn+) Single-Atom Catalysts 251.2.2.4 Metal Chalcogenides/Nitrides/Phosphides and Others 261.3 Computer-Assisted Materials Discovery 281.4 Challenge and Outlook 291.4.1 Reliability Comparison Between Results 291.4.2 Gap Between Industrial and Laboratorial Research 301.4.3 Outlook 30References 312 Studies on Cerium-Based Nanostructured Materials for Electrocatalysis 41Xuemei Zhou, Mingkai Zhang, Yuwei Jin, and Yongquan Qu2.1 Introduction 412.2 Cerium-Based Nanostructure Materials 422.3 Cerium-Based Electrocatalysts for HER 442.3.1 Cerium-Doped Electrocatalysts for HER 442.3.2 Composites with CeO2 for HER 452.4 Cerium-Based Electrocatalysts for OER 492.4.1 Cerium-Doped Electrocatalysts for OER 502.4.2 Composites with CeO2 for OER 502.5 Cerium-Based Electrocatalysts for ORR 572.5.1 Noble Metals with Ce/Ceria for ORR 582.5.2 Doping Ce Element into Earth-Abundant Electrocatalysts for ORR 592.5.3 Ce2 -Based Electrocatalysts for ORR 602.6 Cerium-Based Electrocatalysts for Other Electrochemical Reactions 632.7 Conclusions and Outlooks 65Acknowledgment 67References 673 Metal-Free Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: Fuel Cell Applications as Electrocatalysts 73Lai-Hon Chung, Zhi-Qing Lin, and Jun He3.1 Introduction 733.2 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanomaterials 753.2.1 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanotubes 763.2.2 Heteroatom-Doped Graphenes 803.2.3 Heteroatom-Doped Graphdiyne 943.2.4 Heteroatom-Doped Porous Carbon Nanomaterials 973.2.5 Heteroatom-Doped Composite Materials 1053.2.6 Better ORR Performance in Acidic Medium 1083.3 Undoped Carbon Nanomaterials 1113.3.1 Edge as Defect 1123.3.2 Intrinsic/Topological Defects 1143.4 Carbon-Based Organic Framework 1173.5 Application in Fuel Cells 1203.5.1 Application in Alkaline Fuel Cell and PEMFC 1213.5.2 Application in Zinc–Air Battery 1243.6 Conclusion 129References 1304 Rare Earth Luminescent Nanomaterials and Their Applications 141Jianle Zhuang and Xuejie Zhang4.1 Introduction 1414.2 Rare Earth Based UCNPs 1424.2.1 Development of Upconversion Materials 1424.2.2 Upconversion Mechanism 1434.2.2.1 Excited-State Absorption (ESA) 1434.2.2.2 Energy Transfer Upconversion (ETU) 1434.2.2.3 Cooperative Upconversion (CUC) 1444.2.2.4 Cross Relaxation (CR) 1444.2.2.5 Photon Avalanche (PA) 1444.2.2.6 Energy Migration-Mediated Upconversion (EMU) 1454.2.3 Composition of UCNPs 1454.2.3.1 Host 1454.2.3.2 Activator 1454.2.3.3 Sensitizer 1464.2.4 Synthesis of UCNPs 1464.2.4.1 Thermal Decomposition 1464.2.4.2 Hydro/Solvothermal Synthesis 1494.2.4.3 Coprecipitation 1494.2.4.4 Sol–Gel Synthesis 1504.2.4.5 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 1504.2.5 Characterization of UCNPs 1504.2.5.1 Identification of Crystal Structures 1514.2.5.2 Determination of Size and Morphology 1524.2.5.3 Characterization of Surface Moieties 1534.2.5.4 Composition Determination 1544.2.5.5 Measurement of Optical Properties 1554.2.5.6 Evaluation of Magnetic Properties 1564.2.6 Tuning of Upconversion Emission 1564.2.6.1 Tuning UC Emission Changing by the Chemical Composition and Varying Dopant Concentration 1564.2.6.2 Tuning UC Emission by Host Matrix Screening 1574.2.6.3 Tuning UC Emission by Interparticle Energy Transfer or Antenna Effect 1584.2.6.4 Tuning UC Emission Through Energy Migration 1584.2.6.5 Tuning UC Emission Using Cross-Relaxation Processes 1604.2.6.6 Tuning UC Emission Using Core/Shell Structures 1604.2.6.7 Tuning UC Emission Using Size- and Shape-Induced Surface Effects 1604.2.6.8 Tuning UC Emission Using FRET or RET 1624.2.6.9 Tuning Upconversion Emission Through External Stimulus 1654.2.7 Applications of UCNPs 1654.2.7.1 Bioimaging 1654.2.7.2 Therapy 1684.2.7.3 Optogenetics 1704.2.7.4 Sensing and Detection 1714.2.7.5 Photocatalysis 1734.2.7.6 UCNPs-Mediated Molecular Switches 1754.2.7.7 Other Technological Applications 1764.3 Rare Earth Based DCNPs 1784.3.1 Y3 Al5 O12 :RE (RE = Ce3+ ,Tb3+) 1784.3.1.1 Coprecipitation Approach 1784.3.1.2 Sol–Gel Method 1794.3.1.3 Solvothermal Method 1814.3.2 SrAl2 O4 :Eu2+ ,Dy3+ 1824.3.2.1 Hydrothermal Method 1824.3.2.2 Sol–Gel Method 1834.3.2.3 Microwave Method 1834.3.2.4 Electrospinning 1834.3.3 Y2 O3 :Eu3+ 1844.3.4 LnVO4 :Ln3+ (Ln = La, Gd, Y; Ln3+ = Eu3+ ,Dy3+ ,Sm3+) 1864.3.5 LaPO4 :Ce3+ ,Tb3+ 1874.3.6 Applications 1894.3.6.1 Biological Imaging 1894.3.6.2 Tumor Treatment 1904.3.6.3 Fluorescent Ink 1914.4 Summary and Outlook 192References 1935 Metal Complex Nanosheets: Preparation, Property, and Application 207Ryota Sakamoto5.1 Introduction 2075.2 Preparation of Metal Complex Nanosheets 2085.2.1 Vacuum Phase Fabrication 2085.2.2 Mechanical Exfoliation 2085.2.3 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation 2095.2.4 Liquid/Liquid Interfacial Synthesis 2115.2.5 Gas/Liquid Interfacial Synthesis 2135.3 Properties of Metal Complex Nanosheets 2155.3.1 Electroproperties 2155.3.2 Photoproperties 2175.3.3 Magnetoproperties 2195.4 Outlook on Metal Complex Nanosheets 221References 2216 Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Metal Halide Perovskite-Based Nanomaterials 225Mei-Li Sun, Cai-Xiang Zhao, Jun-Feng Shu, and Xiong Yin6.1 Introduction 2256.1.1 Crystal Structure and Phase of Metal Halide Perovskites 2256.1.2 Classification of Metal Halide Perovskite-Based Nanomaterials 2276.1.2.1 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Materials 2286.1.2.2 All-Inorganic Perovskite Materials 2326.1.2.3 Lead-Free Perovskite Materials and Low-Lead Perovskite Material 2346.2 Properties of Metal Halide Perovskite Materials 2386.2.1 Tunable Bandgap 2386.2.2 High Absorption Coefficient 2396.2.3 Excellent Charge Transport Performance 2406.2.4 Photoluminescence Properties 2406.3 Synthesis of Metal Halide Perovskite-Based Nanomaterials 2426.3.1 Hot Injection Method 2436.3.2 Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation Method 2446.3.3 Solution Deposition Methods 2446.3.3.1 One-Step Method 2456.3.3.2 Two-Step Method 2476.3.3.3 Other Solution-Processing Methods 2496.4 Application of Metal Halide Perovskite-Based Nanomaterials 2516.4.1 Perovskite Solar Cells 2516.4.2 Perovskite Light-Emitting Diode 2546.4.3 Sensing 2566.4.4 Other Devices 257References 2597 Progress in Piezo-Phototronic Effect on 2D Nanomaterial-Based Heterostructure Photodetectors 275Yuqian Zhao, Ran Ding, Feng Guo, Zehan Wu, and Jianhua Hao7.1 Introduction 2757.2 Piezo-Phototronic Effect on the Junctions 2777.2.1 Fundamental Physics of Piezo-Phototronics 2777.2.2 Piezo-Phototronic Effect on P–N Junction 2787.2.3 Piezo-Phototronic Effect on Metal–Semiconductor Junction 2827.3 Piezo-Phototronic Effect on the Performance of P–N Junction Photodetectors 2847.3.1 Photodetector Based on 2D Homojunction 2857.3.2 Photodetectors Based on 1D–2D Heterostructure 2867.3.3 Photodetectors Based on 2D–2D Heterostructure 2897.3.4 Photodetectors Based on 3D–2D Heterostructure 2937.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 295Acknowledgments 297References 2978 Synthesis and Properties of Conducting Polymer Nanomaterials 303Ziyan Zhang, Tianyu Sun, Mingda Shao, and Ying Zhu8.1 Introduction 3038.2 Synthesis and Properties 3058.2.1 Chemical Synthesis and Properties 3068.2.2 Electrochemical Synthesis and Properties 3148.3 Summary 329References 3299 Conducting Polymer Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Electrocatalysis 337Mingwei Fang, Xingpu Wang, Xueyan Li, and Ying Zhu9.1 Introduction 3379.2 Electrode Materials of Batteries 3379.2.1 Electrodes for Metal-Ion Batteries 3389.2.1.1 Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries 3389.2.1.2 Electrodes for Other Metal-Ion Batteries 3459.2.2 Electrodes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 3489.2.3 Electrodes for All-Polymer Batteries 3509.2.4 Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 3529.2.5 Electrodes for Bioelectric Batteries 3529.3 Electrocatalysis 3559.3.1 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) 3569.3.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) 3579.3.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction (CO2 Rr) 3619.4 Supercapacitors 3639.4.1 CP as the Active Material 3649.4.2 CP Composites as the Active Materials 3709.5 Summary and Perspective 386References 38610 Conducting Polymer Nanomaterials for Bioengineering Applications 399Xiang Sun, Meiling Wang, You Liu, Xin Zhang, Yalan Chen, Shiying Li, and Ying Zhu10.1 Introduction 39910.2 Electronic Skin 39910.2.1 Wearable Electronic Devices 40010.2.2 Self-Healing E-Skin 40310.2.3 Energy-Saving E-Skin 40510.3 Bioengineering 40610.3.1 Tissue Regeneration Engineering 40610.3.2 Drug Delivery 41410.3.3 Actuators 42210.4 Chemical Sensors and Biosensors 42410.4.1 Chemical Sensors 42410.4.2 Biosensors 42710.5 Summary and Perspective 436References 43611 Methods for Synthesizing Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Applications 447Muwei Ji, Jintao Huang, and Caizhen Zhu11.1 Factors for Synthesizing Polymer Nanocomposites 44811.2 Solution Mixing 45111.3 Emulsion Polymerization 45611.4 Dispersion Polymerization and Dispersion Copolymerization 45811.5 Self-Assembly 46111.6 Melting 46311.7 In situ Polymerization 46611.8 Tailoring of Polymers Nanocomposite 47111.9 Application of Polymer Nanocomposites 47411.10 Outlook 481List of Abbreviations 481References 48312 Spin-Related Electrode Reactions in Nanomaterials 491Shengnan Sun and Yanglong Hou12.1 Introduction 49112.2 Factors Influencing the Electrochemical System 49212.2.1 Forces Caused by Magnetic Fields in Aqueous Solution 49212.2.2 Spin States of Electrocatalysts 49512.3 Spin-Related Electrode Reactions 49612.3.1 Electrodeposition of Metals or Alloys 49612.3.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 49812.3.3 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 50412.3.4 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 51312.3.5 Other Catalytic Reactions 51712.3.6 Battery 51812.3.7 Others 52212.4 Conclusion and Outlook 523References 523Index 533