Jianmin Ma, PhD, is professor in the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. His research interests include nanotechnology applications in lithium and sodium ion batteries, capacitors and electrocatalysis.

• Preface xiii1 Li-Ion Battery 1Ruiping Liu1.1 Introduction 11.1.1 History of the Lithium-Ion Battery 11.1.2 Basic Structure of Lithium-Ion Battery 11.1.3 Working Mechanisms of Lithium-Ion Battery 21.1.4 Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries 31.2 Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 41.2.1 Layer-Structured Cathode Materials 41.2.2 Spinel-Structured Cathode Materials 71.2.3 Olivine-Structured Cathode Materials 91.3 Anode Materials for LIBs 91.3.1 Intercalation Anode Materials 111.3.2 Alloy Anode Materials 131.3.3 Conversion Anode Materials 141.3.4 Lithium Metal Anode 171.4 Electrolyte 191.4.1 Liquid Electrolyte 191.4.1.1 Lithium Salts 191.4.1.2 Organic Solvent 201.4.1.3 Functional Additives 221.4.2 Solid Electrolyte 231.4.2.1 Polymer Electrolyte 251.4.2.2 li 3 N and its Derivatives 251.4.2.3 Perovskite Solid Electrolyte 261.4.2.4 Lisicon 271.4.2.5 Nasicon 271.4.2.6 Garnet 281.4.2.7 Glassy Inorganic Solid Electrolyte 291.5 Separators 311.5.1 Polyolefin Separator 341.5.2 Polymers with High Melting Points for Separators 361.5.3 Inorganic Composite Separators 361.6 Conclusions and Perspective 38Acknowledgments 39References 392 Li–O 2 Battery 47Zhijia Zhang, Jun Wang, Shaofei Zhang, Shihao Sun, and Xia Ma2.1 Li–O 2 Battery 472.1.1 Introduction 472.1.2 Cathode Materials 492.1.2.1 Carbon-Based Materials 492.1.2.2 Noble Metal-Based Materials 542.1.2.3 Non-noble Metal-Based Materials 572.1.3 Anode Materials 642.1.4 Electrolyte 672.1.4.1 Organic Electrolyte 672.1.4.2 Quasi-Solid-State Electrolyte 672.1.4.3 Solid-State Electrolyte 722.1.5 Separator 732.1.6 From Li–O 2 Batteries to Li–Air Batteries 762.1.7 Summary and Perspective 76Acknowledgments 78References 783 Li–Sulfur Battery 87Xiaoqun Qi, Fengyi Yang, and Long Qie3.1 Introduction 873.2 Fundamentals 883.3 Cathodes 893.3.1 S Cathodes 893.3.1.1 Physical Confinement 903.3.1.2 Physical Blocking 903.3.1.3 Polymeric Organosulfur 923.3.1.4 Chemical Adsorption and Catalysis 933.3.2 Li2S Cathodes 973.4 Electrolytes 983.4.1 Ether Electrolyte 983.4.2 Carbonate-Based 993.4.3 Nitrile-Based 1003.4.4 Sulfones/Sulfoxides-Based 1013.4.5 Ionic Liquids 1053.4.6 Polymer/Solid-State Electrolytes 1053.4.7 Additives 1083.5 Anodes 1093.5.1 Li Anodes 1093.5.2 Carbon Anodes 1123.5.3 Silicon Anodes 1133.6 Challenges and Perspectives 113References 1164 Na-Ion Battery 125Xiaochuan Duan, Lei Wang, and Jianmin Ma4.1 Introduction 1254.1.1 History of Sodium-Ion Batteries 1254.1.2 Composition and Working Mechanism of SIBs 1264.2 Cathode Materials for SIBs 1274.2.1 Layered Transition Metal Oxide 1284.2.2 Polyanionic Compounds 1304.2.3 Hexacyanoferrates 1324.2.4 Organic Compounds 1334.3 Anode Materials for SIBs 1334.3.1 Insertion Anode Materials 1344.3.1.1 Carbon Materials 1344.3.1.2 Titanium-Based Oxide 1374.3.2 Alloyed Anode Materials 1384.3.3 Conversion-Type Anode Materials 1404.4 Electrolytes for SIBs 1424.4.1 Aqueous Electrolytes 1444.4.2 Organic Electrolytes 1444.4.3 Solid-State Electrolytes 1454.4.3.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes 1454.4.3.2 Inorganic Solid Electrolytes 1464.5 Separators for SIBs 1474.5.1 Glass Fiber Separator 1474.5.2 Modified Polyolefin Separator 1474.5.3 Other Separator 148References 1495 Na–O 2 Battery 153Haiying Lu, Xianghong Chen, Yu Lei, Feng Xiao, Weiyin Gao, Jiakui Zhang, Sai Zhao, Min Yan, Chenxin Ran, and Jiantie Xu5.1 Introduction 1535.2 Fundamental Principles 1545.3 Cathode Materials 1555.3.1 Carbon Materials 1565.3.2 Metals and Their Oxides 1645.3.2.1 Noble Metals and Their Oxides 1645.3.2.2 Non-noble Metals and Their Oxides 1655.3.2.3 Dual Functional Composites 1685.4 Anode Materials 1695.4.1 Modification of Na Metal Anode 1705.4.2 Carbon Materials Modified Na Anode 1745.4.3 Metal Alloys/Composites/Hybrids 1775.5 Electrolytes 1785.5.1 Carbonate-Based Electrolyte 1795.5.2 Ether-Based Electrolyte 1795.5.3 DMSO- and ACN-Based Electrolytes 1835.5.4 Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolyte 1855.6 Mechanism Studies 1895.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 192Acknowledgments 194References 1956 Zn-Ion Battery 201Gaoxue Jiang, Yurong Ren, Xiaobing Huang, and Jianmin Ma6.1 Introduction 2016.2 Fundamentals 2026.3 Cathode Materials 2046.3.1 Manganese-Based Materials 2046.3.2 Vanadium-Based Materials 2086.3.3 Prussian Blue Analogous 2106.3.4 Other Types of Cathode Materials 2126.4 Zn Anode 2126.4.1 Zinc Alloy Anode 2146.4.2 Surface Modification of Zn Anode 2156.4.3 Structural Optimization of the Zn Anode 2166.5 Aqueous Electrolytes 2176.5.1 Types of Zinc Salts 2176.5.2 Concentration of Zinc Salt 2186.5.3 Electrolyte Additives 2196.6 Challenges and Perspectives 222References 2237 Zn–Air Battery 229J. Alberto Blázquez, Aroa R. Mainar, and Elena Iruin7.1 Introduction 2297.1.1 Metal–Air Batteries 2307.1.2 History of Zinc-Based Technologies 2327.1.3 Secondary Zinc–Air Batteries 2337.1.3.1 Rechargeability 2337.1.3.2 Industrial Approximations 2347.1.3.3 Limitations 2347.2 Electrolyte System 2377.2.1 Mechanisms for Zinc Dissolution 2377.2.2 Strategies for Developing An Optimal Electrolyte System for Secondary Zinc–Air Batteries 2397.2.2.1 Additives 2397.2.2.2 Alternatives to Alkaline Aqueous Electrolyte 2407.3 Bifunctional Air Electrode 2427.3.1 Mechanism for Bifunctional Air Electrode 2427.3.2 Materials for Bifunctional Air Electrode 2437.3.2.1 Catalysts 2437.3.2.2 Binder 2447.3.2.3 Conductive Agents 2467.3.2.4 Current Collector 2467.3.3 Electrode Structure 2477.4 Zinc Anode 2477.4.1 Zinc Electrode Configuration 2477.4.2 Materials for Zinc Anode 2497.4.2.1 Active Material 2497.4.2.2 Additives 2497.4.2.3 Gelling Agents and Binders 2507.4.2.4 Current Collector 2517.4.3 Zinc Anode Processing 2517.5 Membranes 2527.6 Summary and Perspectives 253Acronyms and Abbreviations 254References 2558 Al-Ion Battery 269David Muñoz-Torrero, Rebeca Marcilla, and Edgar Ventosa8.1 Introduction 2698.2 Historical Development of Aluminum Batteries 2698.2.1 Primary Aluminum Batteries: Aqueous Systems 2708.2.2 Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries: Non-aqueous Systems 2708.3 Electrolytes for Al-Based Batteries 2728.3.1 Al Electrodeposition in CILs and Their Use in Rechargeable Al-Based Batteries 2738.3.2 Al Electrodeposition Using Alternative Electrolytes and Their Use in Rechargeable Al-Based Batteries 2748.4 Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries Classification 2768.4.1 Metal Oxide/Sulfide-Based Aluminum Batteries 2768.4.2 Polymer-Based Aluminum Batteries 2798.4.3 Graphite-Based Aluminum Batteries 2818.5 Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries Based on Graphitic Cathodes 2838.5.1 Carbon Paper 2838.5.2 Pyrolytic Graphite 2848.5.3 Graphitic Foam 2868.5.4 Graphene-Based Cathode 2878.5.5 Graphite Flakes-Based Cathodes 2908.6 Conclusions 291References 2939 Al-Air Batteries 299Pengyu Meng, Jianmin Ren, Min Jiang, and Chaopeng Fu9.1 Introduction 2999.2 Aluminum Anodes 3009.2.1 Al Alloying Elements 3009.2.2 Research Progress of Al Anodes 3019.2.2.1 Aluminum Microalloying 3019.2.2.2 Heat Treatment of Al Anodes 3029.2.2.3 Processing of Al Anodes 3029.2.2.4 Surface coating on Al anodes 3029.3 Air Cathodes 3029.3.1 Structure of Air Cathodes 3039.3.2 Integrated Cathode 3049.3.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 3049.3.4 Electrocatalysts 3059.3.4.1 Precious Metals and Alloys 3059.3.4.2 Transition Metal Oxides 3069.3.4.3 Carbon-Based Catalysts 3079.3.4.4 Single-Atom Catalysts 3089.4 Electrolytes 3099.4.1 Aqueous Electrolytes 3099.4.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 3099.4.3 Polymer Electrolytes 3109.5 Al–Air Battery Structure Design 3109.6 Recycle of Al–Air Batteries 3129.7 Rechargeable Al–Air Batteries 3129.8 Summary and Outlook 315References 31510 Dual-Ion Battery 317Haitao Wang, Luojiang Zhang, and Yongbing Tang10.1 Cation–Anion Dual-Ion Battery 31710.1.1 Introduction 31710.1.2 Cathode Materials 32010.1.2.1 Graphitic Materials 32010.1.2.2 Organic Materials 32410.1.2.3 Other Materials 32610.1.3 Anode Materials 32710.1.3.1 Metallic Materials 32810.1.3.2 Alloying-Type Materials 33010.1.3.3 Intercalation-Type Materials 33510.1.3.4 Conversion-Type Materials 33610.1.4 Electrolyte 33710.1.4.1 Organic Electrolyte 33810.1.4.2 Ionic Liquid Electrolyte 33910.1.4.3 Aqueous Electrolyte 34110.2 Multi-Ion Battery 34210.2.1 Triple-Ion Battery 34310.2.1.1 Dual Cation–Anion Battery 34310.2.1.2 Dual Anion–Cation Battery 34610.2.2 Quadruple-Ion Battery 34810.3 Summary and Perspective 350Acknowledgments 351References 351Index 359