Environmental Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Devices

Shadpour Mallakpour, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Isfahan University of Technology in Iran. His research focus is on the preparation and characterization of polymer-based nanocomposites and bionanocomposites to be used as bioactive materials as well as adsorbents and photocatalysts for remediation technology.Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), United States. His research focus is on the applications of nanotechnology and advanced materials in the environment and analytical chemistry.

• 1 Graphene-Based Nanomembranes for Sustainable Water Purification Applications 1Uluvangada T. Uthappa, Dusan Losic, and Mahaveer D. Kurkuri1.1 Introduction 11.2 Graphene and GO-Based Membrane Characteristics and Properties 21.3 Fabrication of Graphene-Based Nanomembranes for Water Treatment Applications 41.4 Graphene Nanomembranes for Heavy Metals Treatment 241.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 25Acknowledgments 26Important Websites 26References 262 Magnetic Graphene Oxide and Its Composite Nanomaterials: Application in Environmental Decontamination 33Karan Chaudhary and Dhanraj T. Masram2.1 Introduction 332.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Graphene Oxide and Its Composite Nanomaterials 352.3 Application of Magnetic Graphene Oxide and Its Composite Nanomaterials 362.4 Conclusion 46Further Reading 46References 473 Biomass- or Biowaste-Derived Carbon Nanoparticles as Promising Materials for Electrochemical Sensing ApplicationsAnila R. Cherian, Vinay S. Bhat, Anitha Varghese, and Gurumurthy Hegde3.1 Introduction 533.2 Electrochemical Sensors 543.3 The Choice of Electrode Materials 543.4 Biomass-Derived Porous Carbons 563.5 Biomass-Derived Carbons in Electrochemical Sensing 613.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 79Acknowledgment 79Website Links 80References 804 Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment 87Ramesh K. Guduru, Anurag A. Gupta, Parwathi Pillai, and Swapnil Dharaskar4.1 Introduction 874.2 Wastewater 884.3 Wastewater Treatment Methods 894.4 Nanomaterials 904.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 924.6 Adsorption Mechanisms of CNTs and Graphene 934.7 Membrane-Based Filtration of Contaminants Using CNTs and Graphene-Based Materials 1154.8 Use of CNTs and Derivative Materials as Disinfecting Agents for Water Purification 1214.9 Commercial Use of CNMs in Wastewater Treatment 1224.10 Conclusions 122Recommendations 123References 1235 Electrochemical Determination of Indigotine Based on Poly(Gibberellic Acid)-Modified Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode 135Girish Tigari, Jamballi G. Manjunatha, and Chenthattil Raril5.1 Introduction 1355.2 Experimental 1365.3 Results and Discussion 1365.4 Conclusion 142Acknowledgment 143Important Websites for Reference 143References 1436 Toxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials 147Arpita Adhikari and Joydip Sengupta6.1 Introduction 1476.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 1496.3 Nanotoxicology and Resulting Cytotoxicity or Cellular Toxicity 1516.4 Assessment of Nanocytotoxicity 1556.5 Conclusions 160Important Websites 161References 1617 Fundamentals of Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) for Environmental Devices and Techniques 173Kiran Soni and Rekha Yadav7.1 Introduction 1737.2 Synthesis 1747.3 Applications 1777.4 Conclusion 190Useful Links 190References 1908 Fundamental of Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Devices and Techniques 197Baskaran Ganesh Kumar, P. PonSathieshkumar, and K.S. Prakash8.1 Introduction 1978.2 Results and Discussion 1998.3 Conclusion, Challenges, and Future Prospects 218Acknowledgments 218Related Web Links 219References 2199 Functionalized Magnetic Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 227Ambika and Pradeep Pratap Singh9.1 Introduction 2279.2 Types of Carbon-Based Magnetic Nanocomposites Used in Pollutants Removal from Environment 2289.3 Different Processing Methods for Magnetic Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 2299.4 Applications of Magnetic Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 2319.5 Future Prospects 2379.6 Conclusions 238Important Websites 238References 23810 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Ammonia Sensors 251Rakshith K. Srinivasreddy and Ravi-Kumar Kadeppagari10.1 Introduction 25110.2 Ammonia Sensors 25110.3 Types and Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 25310.4 Carbon Nanotube-Based Ammonia Sensors 25410.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 25710.6 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Ammonia Sensors 25810.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 259Acknowledgments 259Websites 259References 25911 Functionalized Carbon Nano Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Environment 265RaviPrakash Magisetty, Naga Srilatha Cheekuramelli, and Radhamanohar Aepuru11.1 Introduction 26511.2 Need for Carbon Nano Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Environment, and Its Advancement 26611.3 Carbon Nano Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Environment 26711.4 Conclusion 278Important Websites 279References 27912 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (FCNTs) as Novel Drug Delivery Systems: Emergent Perspectives from Applications 283Shikha Gulati, Sanjay Kumar, Ayush Mongia, Anchita Diwan, and Parinita Singh12.1 About the Chapter 28312.2 Introduction 28412.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 28412.4 Classification of CNTs 28612.5 Synthetic Methodologies of CNTs 28812.6 Purification Techniques of CNTs 29012.7 Need of Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 29312.8 Functionalization Strategies of CNTs 29312.9 Advantages of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (FCNTs) 29612.10 Medicinal Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (FCNTs) 29612.11 Biocompatibility and Toxicity Considerations of FCNTs 30312.12 Conclusion and Future Perspective 305Some Important Websites 306References 30613 Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride by Carbon Nanomaterials 313Tanvir Arfin13.1 Introduction 31313.2 Geochemistry of Fluoride 31413.3 Fluoride in Water 31413.3.1 Dynamics of Fluoride in Groundwater 31513.4 Fluoride Solubility and Temperature 31613.5 Sources of Fluoride in the Environment 31613.6 Health Effects of Fluoride 31613.7 Removal Technologies 31613.8 Classification of Adsorbents 31713.9 Carbon-Based Adsorbents 31713.10 Conclusion 320Acknowledgment 321Important Websites 321References 32114 Functionalized Carbon Nano-Membranes Based Devices for Water Purification Technology 331Lindomar Cordeiro A. de Araújo and Luiz Pereira da Costa14.1 Introduction 33114.2 Desalination 33314.3 Removal of Particles (Ions, Heavy Metals) 33514.4 Removal of Microorganisms 33614.5 Final Considerations 339Websites on the Topic 339References 33915 Functionalized Bio-carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Utilizations 347Mahtabin R. Rozbu, Ahmedul Kabir, and Paulraj M. Selvakumar15.1 Introduction 34715.2 Carbon Nanomaterial 34915.3 Synthesis of Fullerenes 34915.4 Synthesis of CNTs 35015.5 Synthesis of Graphenes 35015.6 Bio-carbon Nanomaterials 35115.7 Functionalization of Nanom\aterials 35115.8 Nanocellulose 35215.9 Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-doped Bio-carbon 35615.10 Biochar 35615.11 Biopolymers 35715.12 Conclusion 362Important Websites 363References 36316 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery Systems 375Subhendu Chakroborty and Suban K. Sahoo16.1 Introduction 37516.2 Carbon Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery 37516.3 Conclusions 389Important Websites on Drug Delivery Systems 389References 38917 Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials (FCNMs): A Green and Sustainable Vision 395Upasana Issar and Richa Arora17.1 Introduction 39517.2 Environment-Friendly and Greener Ways to Synthesize FCNMs 39617.3 Applications of FCNMs for a Green and Sustainable Environment 39817.4 Summary 410Some Important Weblinks Related to Applications of FCNMs 410References 41018 Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Impending Pharmaceutical Applications: A Green andSustainable Vision 423Vaneet Kumar, Saruchi, and Harsh Kumar18.1 Introduction 42318.2 Carbon Nanotubes: Functionalization for Biomedical Applications 42418.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 432Important Websites about the Topic 433References 433Index 439