Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Metal Batteries

Jianmin Ma is Professor at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. He received his B.S. degree in Chemistry from the Shanxi Normal University in 2003 and Ph.D. degree in Materials Physics and Chemistry from Nankai University in 2011. During 2011–2015, he also conducted the research in several overseas universities as a postdoctoral research associate. He serves as the Academic Editor for Rare Metals, the Associate Editor for Chinese Chemical Letters, and editorial board member for Journal of Energy Chemistry, Nano-Micro Letters, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, JPhys Energy, and others. His research interest focuses on the energy storage devices and components including metal anodes and electrolytes, and theoretical calculations from Density Functional Theory and Molecular Dynamics to Finite Element Analysis.

• Preface ix1 Lithium Metal Batteries 11.1 History 11.2 Types 21.2.1 Lithium–Oxygen Batteries 21.2.1.1 Working Mechanism of Li–O2 Batteries 21.2.1.2 Cathode Design of Li–O2 Batteries 41.2.1.3 Anode Protection of Li–O2 Batteries 81.2.2 Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 111.2.2.1 Conductive Matrixes for S Cathode 121.2.2.2 Modifying Separators of Li–S Batteries 151.2.2.3 Electrolyte Design for Li–S Batteries 171.2.2.4 Anode Protection for Li–S Batteries 181.2.3 Lithium–Selenium or –Tellurium Batteries 221.2.3.1 Lithium–Selenium Batteries 221.2.3.2 Lithium–Tellurium Batteries 291.2.4 Lithium–Iodine/Bromine Batteries 311.2.4.1 Lithium–Iodine Batteries 311.2.4.2 Lithium–Bromine Battery 361.2.5 TMO Batteries 371.3 Introductive Electrolytes 411.4 Prospects 44References 452 Electrode–Electrolyte Interphase 552.1 Introduction 552.2 Solid Electrolyte Interphase 552.2.1 Concept and Roles 552.2.2 Types and Modification Strategies 562.3 Cathode Electrolyte Interphase 662.3.1 Concept and Roles 662.3.2 Types and Modification Strategies 66References 753 Safe Electrolytes 793.1 Introduction 793.2 Flame-Retardant Mechanism 803.3 Flame-Retardant Electrolytes 803.4 Nonflammable Electrolytes 853.5 Prospects 93References 954 High-Voltage Electrolytes 994.1 Introduction 994.2 The General Implications of High-Voltage Electrochemical Operation 1014.2.1 Electrochemical Stability and Voltage Window for Electrolytes 1014.2.2 Parasitic Electrolyte Oxidation and Formation of CEI 1024.2.3 Metal Ion Diffusion, Surface Structural Reconstruction, and Mechanical Fracture of Cathode Materials 1064.2.4 Instability of Other Cell Components at High Voltage 1094.3 The Electrolyte Engineering for Various High-Voltage Cathodes 1114.3.1 Nickel-Containing Layered Oxides 1114.3.2 LiCoO2 1164.3.3 Layered Li-Rich Cathodes 1204.3.4 Other Cathode Materials 1214.4 Conclusions 127References 1275 Extreme Temperature Electrolytes 1335.1 Low-Temperature Electrolytes 1335.1.1 The Limitations of Battery Performance at Low Temperature 1335.1.2 The Improvement of Electrolytes 1375.2 High-Temperature Electrolytes 1435.2.1 The Limitations of Battery Performance at High Temperature 1445.2.2 The Improvement of Electrolytes 1485.3 Prospective 151References 1526 High-Concentration Electrolytes 1576.1 High-Concentration Electrolytes 1576.1.1 Concept, Design Strategies 1576.1.2 Developments 1586.2 Local High-concentration Electrolytes 1686.2.1 Concept, Design Strategies 1696.2.2 Developments 1696.3 Prospects 178References 1787 Theoretical Basis for Electrolyte and Electrode Study 1837.1 Redox Potential 1837.1.1 Theoretical Basis 1837.1.2 Solvents and Salts 1857.1.3 Redox Potential of the Complex 1867.2 Solvation Structure 1877.2.1 Basic Theory 1877.2.2 Influencing Factors and Implicit Solvent Model 1887.2.3 Solvation Analysis 1897.2.4 De-Solvation 1907.3 Lithium Diffusion 1927.3.1 Lithium Diffusion in SEI 1927.3.2 Lithium Diffusion in Electrode Material 1947.3.2.1 Calculation of Electrode Materials 1947.3.2.2 Equilibrium Voltage 1947.3.2.3 Ionic Mobility 1957.4 Conclusion 195References 1968 Outlook 199Index 203