Defect Engineering in Photocatalysis

Chuanyi Wang is a Distinguished Professor at Shaanxi University of Science and Technology (SUST), China. He is a member of the European Academy of Sciences, a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Abdelkader Labidi is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, China. Qiuhui Zhu is a Lecturer at Wuyi University, China. His research focuses on the design and synthesis of defective bismuth-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation and energy conversion.

• Preface xvAbout the Book xixAbout the Editors xxiIntroduction xxiii1 Tailoring Photocatalytic Materials Through Defect Engineering: Control, Mechanism, and Experimental Protocols 1Abdelkader Labidi, Jiangyushan Liang, Haitao Ren, Ting Gao, Tian Chang, Mohsen Padervand, Eric Lichtfouse, and Chuanyi Wang1.1 Introduction 11.2 Defects Creation and Applications 31.3 Characterization of Defects 131.4 Benefits and Limitations 131.5 Conclusion 15Acknowledgments 16Declarations 16Conflict of Interest 16References 162 Defect Engineering in Photocatalysis: Opportunities and Challenges 23Abdelkader Labidi, Xiaoqian Xu, Jiangyushan Liang, Ting Gao, Haitao Ren, Tian Chang, Mohsen Padervand, Eric Lichtfouse, and Chuanyi Wang2.1 Introduction 232.2 Defects in Photocatalytic Feedstocks 262.3 Advances and Challenges 352.4 Conclusion 37Acknowledgments 38Declaration of Competing Interest 38References 383 Tailoring TiO2 and Other Metal Oxide (WO3 and ZnO) Photocatalysts with Defect Engineering 43Abdelkader Labidi, Haitao Ren, Jiangyushan Liang, Ting Gao, Xiaoqian Xu, Tian Chang, Mohsen Padervand, Eric Lichtfouse, and Chuanyi Wang3.1 Introduction 433.2 Defective Metal Oxide Photocatalysts 443.3 Benefits and Limitations 553.4 Future Perspectives 573.5 Conclusion 58Acknowledgements 58Declaration of Competing Interest 58References 594 Defective Heterojunction Photocatalysts: Ample Opportunity for Photocatalytic Implementations 65Keshav Kumar and Chandana Rath4.1 Introduction 654.2 Types of Heterojunctions 674.3 Synthesis of Defective Heterojunctions and Applications 694.4 Characterization of Defects 734.5 Role of Defects 744.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 77Conflict of Interest 78References 785 Defect-Engineered Metal-Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Implementations 85Zhiting Chen and Qiuhui Zhu5.1 Introduction 855.2 Synthesis Strategies and Characterizations 865.3 Photocatalytic Applications 895.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 965.5 Conclusion 97Conflict of Interest 97References 976 Defect Behavior of Carbon Nitride (g-C3 N4)asEfficient Feedstock in Photocatalytic Reactions 103Debika Gogoi, Rajeshvari Samatbhai Karmur, and Rakesh K. Sharma6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Synthesis of Defective g-C3 N4 1056.3 Photocatalytic Applications 1156.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 121Conflicts of Interest 122References 1227 Structures, Properties, and Applications of Defective Graphene-Based Photocatalysts 127Hanedi Elhleli and Younes Moussaoui7.1 Introduction 1277.2 Preparation Methods and Characterizations 1297.3 Structures and Properties 1327.4 Photocatalytic Applications 1367.5 Advantages and Limitations 1397.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 140Acknowledgments 142Conflict of Interest 142References 1428 Defective Photocatalysts in Organic Synthesis 149Sudirman8.1 Introduction 1498.2 Defects Creation in Photocatalytic Materials 1518.3 Photocatalytic Transformations 1558.4 Photocatalysis in Organic Synthesis 1598.5 Challenges and Limitations 1628.6 Future Research Directions 1638.7 Conclusion 165Acknowledgments 165Conflict of Interest 166References 1669 Photo-Therapy Based on Defective Photocatalysts 171Jianmin Luo, Jiahong Ye, and Bin Liu9.1 Introduction 1719.2 Reactive Oxygen Species 1729.3 Phototherapy Reactions 1739.4 Types of Defects 1779.5 Synthesis Strategies for Defect-Engineered Photocatalytic Materials 1809.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 183References 18310 Defected–Engineered Materials for Photocatalytic Sterilization 191Haitao Ren, Abdelkader Labidi, Yuzhen Zhao, Atif Sial, and Chuanyi Wang10.1 Introduction 19110.2 Sterilization Mechanism 19410.3 Types and Characterization of Defects 19610.4 Defective Photocatalysts for Sterilization 19810.5 Advantages and Limitations 20310.6 Conclusion 204Acknowledgements 205Conflict of Interest 205References 20511 Nano- and Microplastics Degradation Using Defect-engineered Photocatalytic Feedstocks 211Elham Jalilnejad, Mehran Alizadeh, and Sahar Rezaei11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Sources and Accumulation 21211.3 Nano- and Microplastics Degradation 21811.4 Future Prospects 22711.5 Conclusion 228Conflict of Interest 228List of Abbreviations 228References 22912 Defective Photocatalytic Materials for Desalination: Synthesis Strategies, Types of Defects, and Mechanisms 239Fangdi Wu and Yongqian Cui12.1 Introduction 23912.2 Synthesis Methodologies for Defective Photocatalytic Materials 24212.3 Mechanisms and Advancements 24612.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 253Acknowledgments 255Conflict of Interest 255References 25513 Defective Photocatalytic Materials for Organic Pollutant Degradation 261Jiapeng Hu13.1 Introduction 26113.2 Point Defects 26413.3 Line Defects 26913.4 Planar Defects 27113.5 Volume Defects 27313.6 Conclusion 275Conflict of Interest 276References 27614 NoX Removal Using Defective Photocatalytic Materials 279Qiuhui Zhu, Yongqian Cui, Xue Xiao, Juiyeh Rau, Yin Shen, and Chuanyi Wang14.1 Introduction 27914.2 Photocatalytic Mechanism of NO Removal 28014.3 The Photocatalytic NO Removal Over Defective Catalysts 28214.4 Conclusion 295Acknowledgements 296Conflict of Interest 296References 29615 Defective Photocatalytic Materials for Biomass Conversion 299Nafiseh Pourshirband, Aydin Hassani, and Paria Sharafi-Badr15.1 Introduction 29915.2 Types of Defects 30115.3 Preparation and Characterization 30215.4 Biomass Conversion 30415.5 Challenges and Limitations 30915.6 Future Perspectives 31115.7 Conclusion 312Conflict of Interest 313References 31316 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 on Defect-Rich Catalysts 319Wen Chen, Bao Pan, Jiani Qin, Jui-Yeh Rau, and Chuanyi Wang16.1 Introduction 31916.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of CO2 Reduction 32016.3 Classification of Defects 32116.4 Creation of Defects 32216.5 Application of Defects in CO2 Reduction 32416.6 Conclusions and Outlook 327Conflict of Interest 327References 32717 H2 Evolution Utilizing Defect-Engineered Photocatalytic Materials 331Atif Sial, Abdelkader Labidi, Haitao Ren, Ting Gao, and Chuanyi Wang17.1 Introduction 33117.2 Synthesis Protocols 33317.3 H2 Evolution Reactions 34017.4 Conclusion and Perspective 347Conflict of Interest 348References 34918 Enhanced H2 O2 Production Over Defective Photocatalytic Materials 351Mohsen Padervand, Alireza Bargahi, Mahshid Sarkheil, Elmuez Dawi, and Abdelkader Labidi18.1 Introduction 35118.2 Defect Chemistry 35218.3 H2 O2 Production Strategies 35418.4 Types of Solid Photocatalysts 35618.5 Defective Photocatalytic Materials for H2 O2 Production 35618.6 Mechanism of Defects 35818.7 Defect Insertion in Photocatalysts 35918.8 Opportunities and Challenges 36018.9 Future Perspectives 36018.10 Conclusions 362Acknowledgments 362Conflict of Interest 362References 36219 Photocatalytic NH3 Synthesis by Defect–Engineered Photocatalytic Materials 367Ximing Li, Lin Tian, and Chuanyi Wang19.1 Introduction 36719.2 Principle of Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation Reaction 36919.3 Roles of Defects in Photocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction 37019.4 Defects in Photocatalysts for Enhanced Nitrogen Photoreduction 37319.5 Summary and Future Perspectives 379Conflict of Interest 380References 38020 Summary 383Atif Sial, Abdelkader Labidi, Haitao Ren, Ting Gao, and Chuanyi Wang20.1 Role of Defects in Photocatalysis 38320.2 Advantages of Defect Engineering 38520.3 Disadvantages of Defect Engineering 39320.4 Summary and Outlooks 396Conflict of Interest 397References 397Index 401