Photofunctional Polymer Composites for Bioapplications

Xiaoyu Wang received her PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China. Following postdoctoral research at the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, she joined the faculty at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, where she is currently an Associate Professor. Her research focuses on composite systems based on fluorescent materials. She has authored more than 80 scientific publications. Lidong Li is a Professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China. He earned his PhD in Physical Chemistry from the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Germany. Formerly a Professor at the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, his work centers on polymer synthesis, nanostructured materials, photoelectronic devices, and organic solar cells.

• Preface xi1 Introduction 11.1 Research Status of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 11.1.1 Photofunctional Materials 11.1.2 Photofunctional Composites 41.1.2.1 Photoelectronic Devices Based on Photofunctional Polymer Pomposites 61.1.2.2 Photocatalytic Application of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 71.1.2.3 Biomedical Application of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 81.1.3 Structure and Morphology of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 91.2 Classification of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 111.2.1 Nanocomposites 111.2.1.1 Composite Nanoparticles 121.2.1.2 Emulsion 181.2.1.3 Liposome 201.2.1.4 Micelle 221.2.1.5 Capsule 241.2.2 Fibers 261.2.2.1 Natural Material-based Fibers 261.2.2.2 Synthetic Polymer Fibers 311.2.3 Films 351.2.3.1 Fluorescent Film 361.2.3.2 Photochromic Films 381.2.3.3 Photoelectric Conversion Thin Film 401.2.3.4 Near-infrared (NIR) Absorption Films 411.2.4 Hydrogel 431.2.4.1 Structure and Composition 451.2.4.2 Physical Properties 461.2.4.3 Fluorescent Hydrogel 461.2.4.4 Photochromic Hydrogel 471.2.4.5 Photothermal Hydrogel 481.2.4.6 Photoelectric Conversion Hydrogel 501.2.4.7 Light-controlled Release Hydrogel 511.3 Prospects for Bioapplications of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 531.3.1 Biological Detection and Imaging 541.3.1.1 Fluorescence Imaging 541.3.1.2 Fluorescence Detection 561.3.2 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) 601.3.2.1 Principle of Photodynamic Therapy 601.3.2.2 Application of Photofunctional Polymer Composites in Photodynamic Therapy 611.3.3 Light-controlled Release 641.3.3.1 Principle of Light-controlled Release 641.3.3.2 Application of Photofunctional Polymer Composites in Light-controlled Release 651.3.4 Photothermal Therapy (PTT) 671.3.4.1 Principle of Photothermal Therapy 671.3.4.2 Application of Photofunctional Polymer Composites in Photothermal Therapy 671.3.5 Photocatalytic Effect 701.3.5.1 Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction 711.3.5.2 Photocatalytic Production of H 2 721.3.5.3 Light-driven Biotransformation 741.3.5.4 Photocatalytic Therapy 76References 792 Structures and Properties of Photofunctional Materials 932.1 Small Organic Molecules 932.1.1 Photoluminescence 932.1.1.1 Fluorescence 932.1.1.2 Phosphorescence 972.1.2 Electroluminescence 1002.1.3 Chemiluminescence 1042.1.4 Mechanoluminescence 1062.2 Conjugated Polymers 1092.2.1 Main Chain Structure 1092.2.2 Side Chain Structure 1132.2.3 Conformation of Conjugated Polymers 1162.2.4 Aggregation States of Conjugated Polymers 1192.2.4.1 Static Aggregation 1192.2.4.2 Dynamic Aggregation 1202.2.4.3 Influencing Factors and Regulatory Strategies of Aggregation States 1222.2.5 Luminescence Sensing Mechanism of Conjugated Polymers 1232.2.5.1 Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Mechanism 1242.2.5.2 Photoinduced Electron Transfer Mechanism 1252.2.5.3 Exciplexes and Excimers 1262.2.5.4 Metal-enhanced Fluorescence Effect 1262.3 Noble Metal Nanomaterials 1272.3.1 Noble Metal Nanoparticles 1282.3.1.1 Gold Nanoparticles 1292.3.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles 1332.3.1.3 Copper Nanoparticles 1352.3.2 Optical Properties of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 1362.3.2.1 Metal-enhanced Fluorescence Effect (MEF) 1362.3.2.2 Photothermal Effect 1382.3.3 Noble Metal Nanoclusters 1392.3.3.1 Gold Nanoclusters 1392.3.3.2 Silver Nanoclusters 1422.3.3.3 Copper Nanoclusters 1432.3.4 Optical Properties of Noble Metal Nanoclusters 1442.3.4.1 Photoluminescence 1462.3.4.2 Two-photon Absorption 1462.3.4.3 Aggregation-Induced Emission Effect 1472.3.4.4 Photothermal Effect 1482.3.4.5 Photosensitive Effect 1492.4 Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials 1502.4.1 Quantum Dots 1512.4.2 Carbon Materials 1542.4.2.1 Carbon Nanotube 1542.4.2.2 Carbon Dots 1552.4.2.3 Graphene 1552.4.2.4 Fullerene 1562.4.3 Carbon Nitride 1562.4.3.1 Photocatalysis 1592.4.3.2 Photoluminescence 1602.4.3.3 Photothermal Effect 1612.4.4 Transition Metal Disulfides 1612.4.5 Perovskite 1662.4.6 Titanium Dioxide 1682.5 Other Materials 1712.5.1 Metal-organic Framework (MOFs) 1712.5.1.1 Structure of MOF 1722.5.1.2 Optical Properties of MOF 1722.5.2 Covalent Organic Framework (COFs) 1762.5.2.1 Structure of COF 1772.5.2.2 Optical Properties of COF 1812.5.3 Photofunctional Protein 1842.5.3.1 Light-harvesting Protein 1842.5.3.2 Fluorescent Protein 1872.5.4 Other Polymers 1892.5.4.1 Block Copolymers 1892.5.4.2 Dendrimers 191References 1943 Construction of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 2113.1 Construction of Photofunctional Organic Polymer Composite Systems 2113.1.1 Coprecipitation 2123.1.2 Self-assembly Method 2183.1.3 Microemulsion Method 2253.1.4 Direct Polymerization 2273.1.5 Covalent Modification 2283.1.6 Physical Mixing Method 2293.2 Construction of Photofunctional Organic/Inorganic Polymer Composite Systems 2303.2.1 Self-assembly Method 2313.2.2 Coprecipitation Method 2353.2.3 Microemulsion 2363.2.4 Covalent Modification 2383.2.5 In Situ Reaction Method 2403.2.6 Physical Mixing Method 243References 2454 Photofunctional Polymer Nanocomposites 2534.1 Structures of Photofunctional Polymer Nanocomposites 2534.1.1 Core-shell Structure 2534.1.2 Hollow Structure 2594.1.3 Hybrid Structure 2614.1.4 Emulsion 2674.1.5 Liposome 2704.1.6 Micelle 2724.1.7 Capsule 2744.2 Functions of Photofunctional Polymer Nanocomposites 2764.2.1 Metal Enhanced Fluorescence Effect 2764.2.2 Energy Transfer Mechanism 2814.2.3 Electron Transfer Mechanism 2894.2.4 Aggregation-induced Emission Effect 2944.2.5 Photosensitization Effect 2984.2.6 Photothermal Effect 3034.3 Bioapplications of Photofunctional Polymer Nanocomposites 3094.3.1 Cell Imaging 3094.3.2 Optical Therapies 3174.3.3 Optical Detections 3254.3.4 Drug Delivery 3324.3.5 Photosynthesis 334References 3385 Photofunctional Polymer Fiber Composites 3455.1 Preparation and Structures of Photofunctional Fiber Composites 3465.1.1 Electrospinning 3465.1.2 3D Printing 3515.1.3 Wet Spinning Process 3525.1.4 Stretching Process 3545.1.5 Capillary-templated Polymerization 3555.1.6 Microfluidic Method 3575.2 Functions of Photofunctional Fiber Composites 3595.2.1 Energy/Electron Transfer Effect 3595.2.2 Photochromic Effect 3635.2.3 Photosensitization Effect 3645.2.4 Photocatalytic Effect 3655.2.5 Photothermal Conversion Effect 3705.2.6 Light-guiding Properties 3715.3 Bioapplications of Photofunctional Fiber Composites 3735.3.1 Optical Detection 3745.3.2 Optical Therapy 3775.3.3 Optical Display 3835.3.4 Optogenetics 386References 3906 Photofunctional Polymer Composite Films 3956.1 Structures of Photofunctional Polymer Composite Films 3956.1.1 Self-Supported Film 3966.1.2 Substrate-Supported Film 4066.2 Functions of Photofunctional Polymer Composite Films 4126.2.1 Fluorescence Enhancement Effect 4126.2.2 Energy/Electron Transfer Effect 4166.2.3 Photoisomerization Effect 4226.2.4 Photothermal Effect 4246.2.5 Other Photofunctions 4266.3 Bioapplications of Photofunctional Polymer Composite Films 4296.3.1 Optical Detection 4306.3.2 Optical Therapy 4376.3.3 Energy Storage 4436.3.4 Food Packaging 446References 4487 Photofunctional Polymer Hydrogel Composites 4537.1 Structures of Photofunctional Polymer Hydrogel Composites 4537.1.1 The Network Structure of Chemical Cross-linking Hydrogels 4547.1.1.1 Permanent Covalent Bond 4547.1.1.2 Dynamic Covalent Bonds 4577.1.2 The Network Structure of Physical Cross-linking 4647.1.2.1 Hydrogen Bond Cross-Linking 4657.1.2.2 Metal Coordination Effect 4687.1.2.3 Hydrophobic Interaction 4707.1.2.4 Host–Guest Interaction 4727.1.2.5 Crystallization and Cross-Linking 4767.2 Functions of Photofunctional Polymer Hydrogel Composites 4777.2.1 Electron Transfer Mechanism 4777.2.2 Energy Transfer Mechanism 4817.2.3 Fluorescence Enhancement Effect 4837.2.4 Photothermal Conversion Effect 4877.2.5 Photosensitization Effect 4907.2.6 Photoisomerization Effect 4937.3 Bioapplications of Photofunctional Polymer Hydrogel Composites 4957.3.1 Optical Detection and Sensing 4967.3.2 Phototherapy 5027.3.3 Light-Controlled Drug Release 5077.3.4 Cell Culture 514References 5188 Future Development of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 5258.1 Structural Optimization of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 5258.1.1 Selection of Components for Intelligent Light Response 5258.1.2 In Situ Assembly Strategy 5268.1.3 In Situ Aggregation Strategy 5318.2 The Functional Improvement of Photofunctional Polymer Composites 5338.2.1 Multifunctional Integration 5338.2.2 Interdisciplinary Integration 5408.3 Expansion of Biological Applications 5468.3.1 Personalized Medicine 5468.3.2 Artificial Biological Photosynthesis 550References 556Index 563