Sustainable Waste Valorization

Khaled Zoroufchi Benis is an Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering at Dalhousie University and Director of the Circular Process Engineering Lab. His research focuses on developing circular economy frameworks that integrate chemical engineering solutions to address global challenges in waste emissions and environmental degradation. He leads active research in waste management, resource recovery, and environmental sustainability. Sonil Nanda, PhD, is an Assistant Professor and Canada Research Chair in the Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture at Dalhousie University. Previously Director of Research and Development at Titan Clean Energy Projects Corporation, he holds a PhD in Biology from York University and specializes in waste-to-resource conversion technologies.

• About the Editors xixPreface xxiii1 Agricultural Waste as a Feedstock for Bioenergy 1Abdullah Al Ragib, Mehedi Hasan, Ronak Shahbandinejad, Janusz Kozinski, Sudip K. Rakshit, and Kang Kang1.1 Introduction 11.2 Types, Sources, and Availability of Agricultural Wastes 31.3 Characteristics of Agricultural Waste Relevant to Bioenergy 71.4 Environmental and Sustainability Benefits 131.5 Current Applications in Bioenergy Production 141.6 Challenges and Limitations 181.7 Policy, Regulation, and Incentives 201.8 Future Prospects and Research Directions 221.9 Conclusion 232 Livestock Manure as a Resource: Bioenergy, Fertilizer Production, and Circular Agriculture 31Koushika Kumaresan, Adithya Appus, Mohammadali Kiehbadroudinezhad, and Khaled Zoroufchi Benis2.1 Introduction 312.2 Manure Characteristics and Composition 352.3 Valorization Pathways and Applications of Valorized Products 382.4 Environmental and Economic Assessment 44Contents vii2.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 473 Sustainable Solid Biofuels from Agro-waste: Processes and Opportunities 55Samudrika Aththanayaka and Yulin Hu3.1 Introduction 553.2 Agricultural Waste in Solid Biofuel Production 603.3 Types of Agro-waste-derived Biofuels and Their Properties 623.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Solid Biofuels 643.5 Advantages of Biofuel Production from Agricultural Waste 653.6 Future Perspectives 663.7 Conclusion 674 Thermochemical Valorization of Biomass: Pyrolysis and Gasification 71Ibrahim Koc and Cumali Keskin4.1 Introduction 714.2 Thermochemical Conversion Technologies 744.3 Process Parameters 784.4 Reactor Configuration 824.5 Product Utilization and Production of Biochar, Bio-oil, and Syngas 844.6 Conclusion and Recommendations 875 Catalytic Pathways for Organic Waste-to-biofuel Conversion 97Gourav Kumar Rath and Ajay K. Dalai5.1 Introduction 975.2 Literature Review 995.3 Discussion 1125.4 Future Opportunities 1135.5 Conclusions 1146 Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste for Biogas, Hydrogen, and Liquid By-products 121Ali Behnami, Ali Salimifard, Mahnoush Malekzadeh, Ali Abdolahnejad, and Mitra Gholami6.1 Introduction 1216.2 Fundamentals of AD 1226.3 Feedstocks for Anaerobic Digestion 1276.4 Process Configurations and Reactor Designs 1296.5 Biogas Production 1306.6 Bio-Hydrogen Production via Anaerobic Digestion 1326.7 Liquid By-products 1336.8 Operational Parameters 1346.9 Future Perspectives on AD Systems 1356.10 Conclusions 1357 Composting and Vermicomposting of Food Waste 145Solmaz Gholami, Negar Jafari, and Ali Abdolahnejad7.1 Introduction 1457.2 Composting 1487.3 Vermicomposting 1487.4 Integration of Composting-vermicomposting Process 1497.5 Aeration Systems in Composting 1507.6 Vermicomposting Systems 1527.7 Applications and Limitations of Composting and Vermicomposting Technologies 1527.8 Limitations of Composting and Vermicomposting 1537.9 Challenges and Opportunities in Composting 1537.10 Recent Advancements in Composting and Vermicomposting Key Innovations 1537.11 Emerging Devices and Promising Areas for Technique Development 1547.12 Innovations in Composting and Vermicomposting 1547.13 Types and Origins of Substances Added During Organic Waste Treatment 1557.14 The Role of Earthworms in Improving Composting 1567.15 Technological Development for Small-scale Composting 1577.16 Large-scale Composting and Vermicomposting 1587.17 Rotary Drum Composting 1587.18 Influence of Additives on Gas Emissions During Composting 1587.19 Quality of Co-compost for Use as Potting Media or Soil Amendments 1597.20 Environmental Impact of Composting and Vermicomposting Processes 1597.21 Economic Analysis of Composting and Vermicomposting Processes 1607.22 GHG Emissions During Waste Stabilization by Composting and Vermicomposting Processes 1607.23 Modeling and Optimization of Composting Technology 1627.24 Economic Evaluation and Business Models of Composting 1627.25 Global Compost Quality Assessment 1637.26 Conclusion and Future Prospects 1648 Food Waste to Energy: Biogas, Bioethanol, and Beyond 169Zahra Sabeti8.1 Introduction 1698.2 Feedstock Characteristics and Pretreatment Needs 1718.3 Anaerobic Digestion for Biogas Generation 1788.4 Bioethanol Production via Fermentation 1858.5 Emerging and Hybrid Technologies 1918.6 Integrating HTC with Other Approaches 1938.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 1959 High-value Products from Food Waste: Proteins, Enzymes, and Nutrients 201Hasan Pasalari, Behnaz Abdollahinejad, Seyed Nosratolah Taghavi, and Mahdi Farzadkia9.1 Introduction 2019.2 Garbage Enzyme Production 2029.3 GE Application in Environmental Matrices 2039.4 Research Opportunity 2069.5 Conclusion 20610 Landfill Gas Recovery: Turning Waste into Energy 211Mojtaba Pourakbar, Ehsan Aghayani, and Mohammad Ghanbari10.1 Introduction 21110.2 Impacts of Landfill Gas on the Environment 21210.3 Composition and Formation of Landfill Gas 21310.4 Factors Influencing LFG Generation 21710.5 LFG Collection and Recovery Systems 21910.6 Active Collection Systems 22010.7 Increasing the LFG Generation 22210.8 Technologies for Landfill Gas Utilization 22610.9 Global LFG Generation Experiences 22710.10 Conclusion 22711 Applications of Machine Learning in Municipal Solid Waste Management 233Hakimeh Teiri, Yaghoub Hajizadeh, and Mohammad ShakerKhatibi11.1 Introduction 23311.2 Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Management 23411.3 Fundamentals of Machine Learning 23611.4 Data in Waste Management 23911.5 Applications of Machine Learning in MSWM 24211.6 Case Studies and Practical Implementations 24911.7 Challenges and Limitations 252Contents xv11.8 Future Prospects and Research Direction 25311.9 Conclusion 25412 Computational Modeling for Sustainable Combustion and Valorization of Solid Waste and Biomass 259Mohammed Khalid Hossen and Mohammad Saeedi12.1 Introduction 25912.2 Thermochemical Conversion Pathways: Physical and Modeling Implications 26212.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics Fundamentals 26412.4 Case Studies and Practical Applications 27312.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges 27612.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 27713 Valorization of Wastewater Treatment Plant Residues 283Amin Sokhansanj and Khaled Zoroufchi Benis13.1 Introduction 28313.2 Composition and Characteristics of Sewage Sludge 28613.3 Applications of Sewage Sludge 28713.4 Environmental, Economic, and Policy Considerations 29513.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 29613.6 Conclusion 29714 Water Treatment Residual Valorization 307Seid Amir Hosein Seid Shazileh and Khaled Zoroufchi Benis14.1 Introduction 30714.2 Characterization of WTRs 30814.3 WTR-Based Adsorbents 31014.4 Construction 31914.5 Conclusion 31915 Waste-derived Adsorbents for Environmental Remediation Materials and Methods 325Hamideh Sarreshtehdar Aslaheh, Ahmad Poursattar Marjani, and Khaled Zoroufchi Benis15.1 Introduction 32515.2 Types of Waste-derived Adsorbents 32515.3 Municipal Solid Waste-derived Adsorbents 32715.4 Preparation and Modification Methods 328Contents xvii15.5 Adsorption Mechanisms 33015.6 Applications in Environmental Remediation 33015.7 Adsorbent Surface Chemistry and Functionalization 33115.8 Economic and Life Cycle Assessment of Waste-derived Adsorbents 33215.9 Hybrid Waste-derived Adsorbent Systems 33315.10 Regulatory Frameworks and Standards for Waste-derived Adsorbents 33315.11 Social Acceptance and Stakeholder Engagement 33415.12 Emerging Contaminants and Advanced Applications 33515.13 Computational Modeling and Machine Learning in Adsorbent Design 33515.14 Regeneration and Reusability of Waste-derived Adsorbents 33615.15 Scale-up and Industrial Applications 33615.16 Environmental and Health Risk Assessment 33715.17 Future Perspectives and Emerging Trends 33715.18 Conclusion 33716 From Cells to Systems: Embedding Circularity in Cellular Agriculture 343Ghazaleh Afrahi, Mohammadali Kiehbadroudinezhad, and Khaled Zoroufchi Benis16.1 Introduction 34316.2 Defining and Contextualizing Cellular Agriculture 34416.3 Historical Context and Current Landscape 34516.4 Scientific Principles of Cellular Agriculture 34716.5 Environmental and Ethical Impacts 34816.6 Economic and Regulatory Landscape 35016.7 Waste Management and Circular Pathways 35116.8 Future Directions 35516.9 Conclusion 35617 E-waste: Recovery of Metals and Valuable Components 361Mojtaba Yeganeh, Sevda Fallah, Ali Esrafili, and Hamid Reza Sobhi17.1 Introduction 36117.2 E-waste Recycling Processes 36217.3 Plastic Recycling 36417.4 Glass Recycling 36717.5 Recovery of Metals from E-waste 36817.6 Benefits and Challenges of E-waste Recycling 377References 378Index 387