Sining Yun, PhD, is Professor in the School of Materials and Mineral Resources at Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology (XAUAT), China.Anders Hagfeldt, PhD, is Professor in Physical Chemistry at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland.

• Volume 1Preface xiAbout the Editors xiii1 Counter Electrode Catalysts in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells – An Overview 1Sining Yun1.1 History and Cell Efficiency Level of DSSCs 11.2 Fabrication Techniques of a DSSC and a Symmetrical Dummy Cell 31.3 Operating Principle of DSSCs 51.4 Operating Principle of a Counter Electrode in DSSCs 61.5 Types and Advances in Counter Electrodes in DSSCs 71.6 General Design Consideration of this Book 15Acknowledgments 16References 162 Pt Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 27Jayaraman Theerthagiri and Jagannathan Madhavan2.1 Introduction 272.2 Working Principles of DSSCs and Origin of Pt CE Activity 292.3 Platinum Counter Electrode Materials 292.4 Platinum-Based Composite Counter Electrode Materials 342.5 Stability of Pt-Based CE in I-Mediated Electrolytes 412.6 Scope for Further Research 422.7 Conclusions 43Acknowledgments 43References 433 Metal and Alloy for CE Catalysts in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 47Jialong Duan and Qunwei Tang3.1 Introduction 473.2 Metal Counter Electrodes 483.3 Alloy Counter Electrodes 493.4 PreparationMethods of Alloy Counter Electrodes 603.5 The Basic Principles to Prepare Alloy Counter Electrodes 623.6 Summary and Perspective 63Acknowledgments 64References 644 Counter Electrodes in DSSCs Based on Carbon Derived from Edible Sources 71Rahul Kumar and Parag Bhargava4.1 Introduction 714.2 Electrochemistry of Carbon 724.3 Performance of DSSCs with Counter Electrodes Based on Various Forms of Carbon 734.4 Carbon from Edible Precursors 744.5 Fabrication of DSSCs 744.6 Characterization 774.7 Structure Analysis of the Carbon Derived from Edible Precursors 784.8 Cyclic Voltammetry of Counter Electrodes 824.9 Photocurrent–Voltage Characteristics of DSSCs Fabricated Using Carbon Derived from Edible Precursors and Platinum 854.10 Summary 88Acknowledgments 88References 885 Carbon Nanotube Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 93K.S. Anuratha and J.-Y. Lin5.1 Introduction 935.2 Carbon-Derived Materials 935.3 Features of CNTs 955.4 Counter Electrode Application of CNTs in DSSCs 965.5 Conclusions 114References 1146 Graphene Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 123Ladislav Kavan6.1 Introduction 1236.2 Counter Electrodes in I-Mediated DSSCs: Fundamentals 1236.3 Graphene Electrocatalysts for Triiodide Reduction 1296.4 Conclusions 143Acknowledgment 143Abbreviations 143References 1447 Transition Metal Compound Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 155MingxingWu and Tingli Ma7.1 Introduction 1557.2 Transition Metal Compound Counter Electrode Catalysts for Iodide Redox Couple in DSSCs 1567.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 170Acknowledgments 170References 1708 Conductive Polymer Based Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 177Manuel Salado, Samrana Kazim, and Shahzada Ahmad8.1 Introduction 1778.2 Nanoporous Electroactive Polymers as Counter Electrodes in DSSCs 1798.3 Main Affecting Parameters for High Performance of Polymer Counter Electrodes 1868.4 New Routes to Improve the Performance of Polymer Counter Electrodes 1878.5 Summary and Conclusions 189References 1899 Pt-Loaded Composite Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 197Van-Duong Dao, Liudmila L. Larina, and Ho-Suk Choi9.1 Introduction 1979.2 Pt-Loaded Composite CEs 2009.3 Conclusions and Outlook 224Acknowledgments 225References 22510 TMCs/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 231Sudhagar Pitchaimuthu, Raman Vedarajan, K.L. Vincent Joseph, and Yong Soo Kang10.1 Introduction 23110.2 Theory 23310.3 Polymer Counter Electrode in DSSCs 23310.4 TMC Counter Electrode in DSSCs 23710.5 Polymer/TMC Composite Electrodes in DSSCs: Recent Strategies 24110.6 Conclusions 257Acknowledgment 258References 25811 Carbon/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for the Counter Electrode of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 263Wenbo Sun, Rui Chen, Zhuang Xiong, Shizhe (Scott) Ouyang, Kuan Sun, and Jianyong Ouyang11.1 Introduction 26311.2 Conductive Polymers 26311.3 Carbon Materials 27011.4 Composites as the CE in DSSCs 27611.5 Summary and Outlook 282Acknowledgments 283References 283Volume 2Preface xiAbout the Editors xiii12 Carbon/Transition Metal Compound/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 295Hyunwoong Seo12.1 Introduction 29512.2 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon, Transition Metal Compound, and Polymer 29512.3 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon and Transition Metal Compound 29812.4 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Transition Metal Compound and Polymer 30612.5 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon and Polymer 31112.6 Other Hybrid Electrocatalysts 31212.7 Stability Issue of Pt-Free Electrocatalysts 31412.8 Concluding Remarks 318References 31813 Polycomponent Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 323Meidan Ye, Qun Liu, James Iocozzia, Xiaodan Hong, Xiangyang Liu, and Zhiqun Lin13.1 Introduction 32313.2 Electrochemical Analysis Methods for Counter Electrodes 32413.3 Polycomponent-Based Counter Electrode Materials 32913.4 Conclusion and Outlook 343Acknowledgments 345References 34514 Cu Complex Redox Couples Open Up New Possibilities for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 349Nikolaos Vlachopoulos,Marina Freitag, and Anders Hagfeldt14.1 Introduction 34914.2 Overview of Current Status and Operational Principles 35014.3 Electrochemical Properties of Cu Complexes – Basic Concepts 35214.4 Solar Cell Device Performance 35914.5 Cu-complex-Based Solid-State DSSC – “Zombie Cells” 36214.6 Future Outlook 363References 36415 Electrocatalysts for T-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 367Feng Hao and Hong Lin15.1 Introduction 36715.2 Thiolate(T)-Based Redox Couples 36815.3 Inorganic Transition Metal Compounds 37115.4 Organic Conductive Polymers 37515.5 Carbonaceous Materials 37915.6 Conclusions and Outlook 385Acknowledgment 387References 38716 Stability Assessment Strategy for Counter Electrode Catalysts of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 395Sining Yun and Peter D. Lund16.1 Background 39516.2 Present Stability Assessment for CE Catalysts in DSSCs 39616.3 Target Values for Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts 39916.4 Road Map or Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts in DSSCs 39916.5 Some Examples for Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts 40316.6 Remarks 412Acknowledgments 413References 41317 Metal Counter Electrodes for Perovskite Solar Cells 421Alexander R. Uhl17.1 Perovskite Solar Cells – Short History and typical Architectures 42117.2 Metal Counter Electrodes 42217.3 Gold Electrodes 42417.4 Silver Electrodes 42817.5 Silver Nanowire Electrodes 43617.6 Aluminum Electrodes 43817.7 Copper Electrodes 44117.8 Nickel Electrodes 44317.9 Chromium Electrodes 44317.10 Calcium Electrodes 44417.11 Titanium Electrodes 44417.12 Stainless Steel Electrodes 44517.13 Metal Alloy Contacts 44517.14 Summary 446References 44718 Carbon Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells 457Seigo Ito and Ajay Kumar Baranwal18.1 Introduction 45718.2 Carbon Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 45818.3 Carbon Electrodes for Perovskite Solar Cells 463References 48219 First-Principles DFT Calculations for Perovskite Solar Cells 487Jing Shi and Sining Yun19.1 Introduction 48719.2 Crystal Structures 48819.3 Structure Modeling in DFT Calculations 48919.4 First-Principles Calculations for Electronic Properties 49019.5 First-Principles Calculations for Defects 49419.6 Ferroelectric Properties 49819.7 Conclusions and Outlook 503References 50420 Boundary Engineering of Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells 511Ludmila Cojocaru and Satoshi Uchida20.1 Boundary Modeling of Perovskite Solar Cells 51120.2 The Device Capacitance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells 51720.3 Results and Discussion 51920.4 Methods 52520.4.1 Device Preparation 52520.4.2 Device Evaluation 525References 526Appendix A: Cell Efficiency Table of DSSCs with Various Counter Electrode Electrocatalysts 531Xiao Zhou, ChenWang, Yangliang Zhang,Wen Fang, Yuzhi Hou, Chen Zhang, XiaodongWang, and Sining YunAbbreviations 574References 576Index 619

Sining Yun, PhD, is Professor in the School of Materials and Mineral Resources at Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology (XAUAT), China.Anders Hagfeldt, PhD, is Professor in Physical Chemistry at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland.

• Volume 1Preface xiAbout the Editors xiii1 Counter Electrode Catalysts in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells – An Overview 1Sining Yun1.1 History and Cell Efficiency Level of DSSCs 11.2 Fabrication Techniques of a DSSC and a Symmetrical Dummy Cell 31.3 Operating Principle of DSSCs 51.4 Operating Principle of a Counter Electrode in DSSCs 61.5 Types and Advances in Counter Electrodes in DSSCs 71.6 General Design Consideration of this Book 15Acknowledgments 16References 162 Pt Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 27Jayaraman Theerthagiri and Jagannathan Madhavan2.1 Introduction 272.2 Working Principles of DSSCs and Origin of Pt CE Activity 292.3 Platinum Counter Electrode Materials 292.4 Platinum-Based Composite Counter Electrode Materials 342.5 Stability of Pt-Based CE in I-Mediated Electrolytes 412.6 Scope for Further Research 422.7 Conclusions 43Acknowledgments 43References 433 Metal and Alloy for CE Catalysts in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 47Jialong Duan and Qunwei Tang3.1 Introduction 473.2 Metal Counter Electrodes 483.3 Alloy Counter Electrodes 493.4 PreparationMethods of Alloy Counter Electrodes 603.5 The Basic Principles to Prepare Alloy Counter Electrodes 623.6 Summary and Perspective 63Acknowledgments 64References 644 Counter Electrodes in DSSCs Based on Carbon Derived from Edible Sources 71Rahul Kumar and Parag Bhargava4.1 Introduction 714.2 Electrochemistry of Carbon 724.3 Performance of DSSCs with Counter Electrodes Based on Various Forms of Carbon 734.4 Carbon from Edible Precursors 744.5 Fabrication of DSSCs 744.6 Characterization 774.7 Structure Analysis of the Carbon Derived from Edible Precursors 784.8 Cyclic Voltammetry of Counter Electrodes 824.9 Photocurrent–Voltage Characteristics of DSSCs Fabricated Using Carbon Derived from Edible Precursors and Platinum 854.10 Summary 88Acknowledgments 88References 885 Carbon Nanotube Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 93K.S. Anuratha and J.-Y. Lin5.1 Introduction 935.2 Carbon-Derived Materials 935.3 Features of CNTs 955.4 Counter Electrode Application of CNTs in DSSCs 965.5 Conclusions 114References 1146 Graphene Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 123Ladislav Kavan6.1 Introduction 1236.2 Counter Electrodes in I-Mediated DSSCs: Fundamentals 1236.3 Graphene Electrocatalysts for Triiodide Reduction 1296.4 Conclusions 143Acknowledgment 143Abbreviations 143References 1447 Transition Metal Compound Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 155MingxingWu and Tingli Ma7.1 Introduction 1557.2 Transition Metal Compound Counter Electrode Catalysts for Iodide Redox Couple in DSSCs 1567.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 170Acknowledgments 170References 1708 Conductive Polymer Based Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 177Manuel Salado, Samrana Kazim, and Shahzada Ahmad8.1 Introduction 1778.2 Nanoporous Electroactive Polymers as Counter Electrodes in DSSCs 1798.3 Main Affecting Parameters for High Performance of Polymer Counter Electrodes 1868.4 New Routes to Improve the Performance of Polymer Counter Electrodes 1878.5 Summary and Conclusions 189References 1899 Pt-Loaded Composite Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 197Van-Duong Dao, Liudmila L. Larina, and Ho-Suk Choi9.1 Introduction 1979.2 Pt-Loaded Composite CEs 2009.3 Conclusions and Outlook 224Acknowledgments 225References 22510 TMCs/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 231Sudhagar Pitchaimuthu, Raman Vedarajan, K.L. Vincent Joseph, and Yong Soo Kang10.1 Introduction 23110.2 Theory 23310.3 Polymer Counter Electrode in DSSCs 23310.4 TMC Counter Electrode in DSSCs 23710.5 Polymer/TMC Composite Electrodes in DSSCs: Recent Strategies 24110.6 Conclusions 257Acknowledgment 258References 25811 Carbon/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for the Counter Electrode of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 263Wenbo Sun, Rui Chen, Zhuang Xiong, Shizhe (Scott) Ouyang, Kuan Sun, and Jianyong Ouyang11.1 Introduction 26311.2 Conductive Polymers 26311.3 Carbon Materials 27011.4 Composites as the CE in DSSCs 27611.5 Summary and Outlook 282Acknowledgments 283References 283Volume 2Preface xiAbout the Editors xiii12 Carbon/Transition Metal Compound/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 295Hyunwoong Seo12.1 Introduction 29512.2 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon, Transition Metal Compound, and Polymer 29512.3 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon and Transition Metal Compound 29812.4 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Transition Metal Compound and Polymer 30612.5 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon and Polymer 31112.6 Other Hybrid Electrocatalysts 31212.7 Stability Issue of Pt-Free Electrocatalysts 31412.8 Concluding Remarks 318References 31813 Polycomponent Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 323Meidan Ye, Qun Liu, James Iocozzia, Xiaodan Hong, Xiangyang Liu, and Zhiqun Lin13.1 Introduction 32313.2 Electrochemical Analysis Methods for Counter Electrodes 32413.3 Polycomponent-Based Counter Electrode Materials 32913.4 Conclusion and Outlook 343Acknowledgments 345References 34514 Cu Complex Redox Couples Open Up New Possibilities for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 349Nikolaos Vlachopoulos,Marina Freitag, and Anders Hagfeldt14.1 Introduction 34914.2 Overview of Current Status and Operational Principles 35014.3 Electrochemical Properties of Cu Complexes – Basic Concepts 35214.4 Solar Cell Device Performance 35914.5 Cu-complex-Based Solid-State DSSC – “Zombie Cells” 36214.6 Future Outlook 363References 36415 Electrocatalysts for T-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 367Feng Hao and Hong Lin15.1 Introduction 36715.2 Thiolate(T)-Based Redox Couples 36815.3 Inorganic Transition Metal Compounds 37115.4 Organic Conductive Polymers 37515.5 Carbonaceous Materials 37915.6 Conclusions and Outlook 385Acknowledgment 387References 38716 Stability Assessment Strategy for Counter Electrode Catalysts of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 395Sining Yun and Peter D. Lund16.1 Background 39516.2 Present Stability Assessment for CE Catalysts in DSSCs 39616.3 Target Values for Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts 39916.4 Road Map or Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts in DSSCs 39916.5 Some Examples for Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts 40316.6 Remarks 412Acknowledgments 413References 41317 Metal Counter Electrodes for Perovskite Solar Cells 421Alexander R. Uhl17.1 Perovskite Solar Cells – Short History and typical Architectures 42117.2 Metal Counter Electrodes 42217.3 Gold Electrodes 42417.4 Silver Electrodes 42817.5 Silver Nanowire Electrodes 43617.6 Aluminum Electrodes 43817.7 Copper Electrodes 44117.8 Nickel Electrodes 44317.9 Chromium Electrodes 44317.10 Calcium Electrodes 44417.11 Titanium Electrodes 44417.12 Stainless Steel Electrodes 44517.13 Metal Alloy Contacts 44517.14 Summary 446References 44718 Carbon Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells 457Seigo Ito and Ajay Kumar Baranwal18.1 Introduction 45718.2 Carbon Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 45818.3 Carbon Electrodes for Perovskite Solar Cells 463References 48219 First-Principles DFT Calculations for Perovskite Solar Cells 487Jing Shi and Sining Yun19.1 Introduction 48719.2 Crystal Structures 48819.3 Structure Modeling in DFT Calculations 48919.4 First-Principles Calculations for Electronic Properties 49019.5 First-Principles Calculations for Defects 49419.6 Ferroelectric Properties 49819.7 Conclusions and Outlook 503References 50420 Boundary Engineering of Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells 511Ludmila Cojocaru and Satoshi Uchida20.1 Boundary Modeling of Perovskite Solar Cells 51120.2 The Device Capacitance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells 51720.3 Results and Discussion 51920.4 Methods 52520.4.1 Device Preparation 52520.4.2 Device Evaluation 525References 526Appendix A: Cell Efficiency Table of DSSCs with Various Counter Electrode Electrocatalysts 531Xiao Zhou, ChenWang, Yangliang Zhang,Wen Fang, Yuzhi Hou, Chen Zhang, XiaodongWang, and Sining YunAbbreviations 574References 576Index 619

Sining Yun, PhD, is Professor in the School of Materials and Mineral Resources at Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology (XAUAT), China.Anders Hagfeldt, PhD, is Professor in Physical Chemistry at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland.

• Volume 1Preface xiAbout the Editors xiii1 Counter Electrode Catalysts in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells – An Overview 1Sining Yun1.1 History and Cell Efficiency Level of DSSCs 11.2 Fabrication Techniques of a DSSC and a Symmetrical Dummy Cell 31.3 Operating Principle of DSSCs 51.4 Operating Principle of a Counter Electrode in DSSCs 61.5 Types and Advances in Counter Electrodes in DSSCs 71.6 General Design Consideration of this Book 15Acknowledgments 16References 162 Pt Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 27Jayaraman Theerthagiri and Jagannathan Madhavan2.1 Introduction 272.2 Working Principles of DSSCs and Origin of Pt CE Activity 292.3 Platinum Counter Electrode Materials 292.4 Platinum-Based Composite Counter Electrode Materials 342.5 Stability of Pt-Based CE in I-Mediated Electrolytes 412.6 Scope for Further Research 422.7 Conclusions 43Acknowledgments 43References 433 Metal and Alloy for CE Catalysts in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 47Jialong Duan and Qunwei Tang3.1 Introduction 473.2 Metal Counter Electrodes 483.3 Alloy Counter Electrodes 493.4 PreparationMethods of Alloy Counter Electrodes 603.5 The Basic Principles to Prepare Alloy Counter Electrodes 623.6 Summary and Perspective 63Acknowledgments 64References 644 Counter Electrodes in DSSCs Based on Carbon Derived from Edible Sources 71Rahul Kumar and Parag Bhargava4.1 Introduction 714.2 Electrochemistry of Carbon 724.3 Performance of DSSCs with Counter Electrodes Based on Various Forms of Carbon 734.4 Carbon from Edible Precursors 744.5 Fabrication of DSSCs 744.6 Characterization 774.7 Structure Analysis of the Carbon Derived from Edible Precursors 784.8 Cyclic Voltammetry of Counter Electrodes 824.9 Photocurrent–Voltage Characteristics of DSSCs Fabricated Using Carbon Derived from Edible Precursors and Platinum 854.10 Summary 88Acknowledgments 88References 885 Carbon Nanotube Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 93K.S. Anuratha and J.-Y. Lin5.1 Introduction 935.2 Carbon-Derived Materials 935.3 Features of CNTs 955.4 Counter Electrode Application of CNTs in DSSCs 965.5 Conclusions 114References 1146 Graphene Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 123Ladislav Kavan6.1 Introduction 1236.2 Counter Electrodes in I-Mediated DSSCs: Fundamentals 1236.3 Graphene Electrocatalysts for Triiodide Reduction 1296.4 Conclusions 143Acknowledgment 143Abbreviations 143References 1447 Transition Metal Compound Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 155MingxingWu and Tingli Ma7.1 Introduction 1557.2 Transition Metal Compound Counter Electrode Catalysts for Iodide Redox Couple in DSSCs 1567.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 170Acknowledgments 170References 1708 Conductive Polymer Based Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 177Manuel Salado, Samrana Kazim, and Shahzada Ahmad8.1 Introduction 1778.2 Nanoporous Electroactive Polymers as Counter Electrodes in DSSCs 1798.3 Main Affecting Parameters for High Performance of Polymer Counter Electrodes 1868.4 New Routes to Improve the Performance of Polymer Counter Electrodes 1878.5 Summary and Conclusions 189References 1899 Pt-Loaded Composite Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 197Van-Duong Dao, Liudmila L. Larina, and Ho-Suk Choi9.1 Introduction 1979.2 Pt-Loaded Composite CEs 2009.3 Conclusions and Outlook 224Acknowledgments 225References 22510 TMCs/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 231Sudhagar Pitchaimuthu, Raman Vedarajan, K.L. Vincent Joseph, and Yong Soo Kang10.1 Introduction 23110.2 Theory 23310.3 Polymer Counter Electrode in DSSCs 23310.4 TMC Counter Electrode in DSSCs 23710.5 Polymer/TMC Composite Electrodes in DSSCs: Recent Strategies 24110.6 Conclusions 257Acknowledgment 258References 25811 Carbon/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for the Counter Electrode of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 263Wenbo Sun, Rui Chen, Zhuang Xiong, Shizhe (Scott) Ouyang, Kuan Sun, and Jianyong Ouyang11.1 Introduction 26311.2 Conductive Polymers 26311.3 Carbon Materials 27011.4 Composites as the CE in DSSCs 27611.5 Summary and Outlook 282Acknowledgments 283References 283Volume 2Preface xiAbout the Editors xiii12 Carbon/Transition Metal Compound/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 295Hyunwoong Seo12.1 Introduction 29512.2 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon, Transition Metal Compound, and Polymer 29512.3 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon and Transition Metal Compound 29812.4 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Transition Metal Compound and Polymer 30612.5 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon and Polymer 31112.6 Other Hybrid Electrocatalysts 31212.7 Stability Issue of Pt-Free Electrocatalysts 31412.8 Concluding Remarks 318References 31813 Polycomponent Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 323Meidan Ye, Qun Liu, James Iocozzia, Xiaodan Hong, Xiangyang Liu, and Zhiqun Lin13.1 Introduction 32313.2 Electrochemical Analysis Methods for Counter Electrodes 32413.3 Polycomponent-Based Counter Electrode Materials 32913.4 Conclusion and Outlook 343Acknowledgments 345References 34514 Cu Complex Redox Couples Open Up New Possibilities for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 349Nikolaos Vlachopoulos,Marina Freitag, and Anders Hagfeldt14.1 Introduction 34914.2 Overview of Current Status and Operational Principles 35014.3 Electrochemical Properties of Cu Complexes – Basic Concepts 35214.4 Solar Cell Device Performance 35914.5 Cu-complex-Based Solid-State DSSC – “Zombie Cells” 36214.6 Future Outlook 363References 36415 Electrocatalysts for T-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 367Feng Hao and Hong Lin15.1 Introduction 36715.2 Thiolate(T)-Based Redox Couples 36815.3 Inorganic Transition Metal Compounds 37115.4 Organic Conductive Polymers 37515.5 Carbonaceous Materials 37915.6 Conclusions and Outlook 385Acknowledgment 387References 38716 Stability Assessment Strategy for Counter Electrode Catalysts of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 395Sining Yun and Peter D. Lund16.1 Background 39516.2 Present Stability Assessment for CE Catalysts in DSSCs 39616.3 Target Values for Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts 39916.4 Road Map or Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts in DSSCs 39916.5 Some Examples for Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts 40316.6 Remarks 412Acknowledgments 413References 41317 Metal Counter Electrodes for Perovskite Solar Cells 421Alexander R. Uhl17.1 Perovskite Solar Cells – Short History and typical Architectures 42117.2 Metal Counter Electrodes 42217.3 Gold Electrodes 42417.4 Silver Electrodes 42817.5 Silver Nanowire Electrodes 43617.6 Aluminum Electrodes 43817.7 Copper Electrodes 44117.8 Nickel Electrodes 44317.9 Chromium Electrodes 44317.10 Calcium Electrodes 44417.11 Titanium Electrodes 44417.12 Stainless Steel Electrodes 44517.13 Metal Alloy Contacts 44517.14 Summary 446References 44718 Carbon Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells 457Seigo Ito and Ajay Kumar Baranwal18.1 Introduction 45718.2 Carbon Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 45818.3 Carbon Electrodes for Perovskite Solar Cells 463References 48219 First-Principles DFT Calculations for Perovskite Solar Cells 487Jing Shi and Sining Yun19.1 Introduction 48719.2 Crystal Structures 48819.3 Structure Modeling in DFT Calculations 48919.4 First-Principles Calculations for Electronic Properties 49019.5 First-Principles Calculations for Defects 49419.6 Ferroelectric Properties 49819.7 Conclusions and Outlook 503References 50420 Boundary Engineering of Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells 511Ludmila Cojocaru and Satoshi Uchida20.1 Boundary Modeling of Perovskite Solar Cells 51120.2 The Device Capacitance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells 51720.3 Results and Discussion 51920.4 Methods 52520.4.1 Device Preparation 52520.4.2 Device Evaluation 525References 526Appendix A: Cell Efficiency Table of DSSCs with Various Counter Electrode Electrocatalysts 531Xiao Zhou, ChenWang, Yangliang Zhang,Wen Fang, Yuzhi Hou, Chen Zhang, XiaodongWang, and Sining YunAbbreviations 574References 576Index 619