Herbert Gross has 30 years’ experience designing optical systems at Zeiss AG and has spent 12 years teaching and conducting research at the University of Jena, Germany. His unique background spans both industrial lens design and academic research, providing him with deep insights into both the theoretical foundations and practical challenges of optical system development.

• Preface of the Book Series xvPreface of the First Volume xviAcknowledgements xvii1 Introduction 11.1 Modelling and Goal of Lens Design 21.2 Optical System Types and Aperture Field Classification 3References 102 Optical Materials 132.1 Introduction 132.2 Dispersion 142.3 Group Velocity Dispersion and Short Pulses 372.4 Absorption and Transmission 422.5 Thermal Properties 462.6 Other Optical Materials 49References 573 Geometrical Optics 613.1 Introduction 613.2 Law of Refraction 613.3 Fresnel Formulas 653.4 Raytrace 743.5 Paraxial Approximation 1003.6 Matrix Calculus 1083.7 Helmholtz–Lagrange Invariant 1203.8 Delano Diagram 1243.9 Gaussian Brackets 129References 1334 Optical Components 1374.1 Overview 1374.2 Single Refractive Spherical Surface 1374.3 Plane Plates 1384.4 Lenses 1434.5 Mirrors 1574.6 Aspheres 1584.7 Freeform Surfaces 1714.8 Special Component Types 1854.9 Gradient Index Lenses 2094.10 Prisms 2144.11 Diffractive Elements 2224.12 Diffusor Plates 234References 2385 Imaging Systems 2435.1 Introduction 2435.2 Geometrical Imaging 2475.3 Magnification, Field of View, Aperture and Vergence 2575.4 Pupil 2645.5 Vignetting 2695.6 Infinity Cases for Field and Pupil 2815.7 Imaging with Mirrors 2875.8 Imaging Without Rotational Symmetry 2925.9 Miscellaneous 305References 3096 Diffraction and Point Spread Function 3116.1 Diffraction Phenomena 3116.2 Calculation of Diffraction Effects 3166.3 Point Spread Function in Optical Systems 3376.4 PSF in Case of Apodization 3436.5 Focusing at Low Fresnel Numbers 3476.6 Focusing at High Numerical Aperture 3506.7 PSF for Compound Systems 3596.8 Cascaded Diffraction in Optical Systems 3656.9 Miscellaneous 3726.10 Field in a Tilted Plane 383References 3897 Optical Transfer Function 3957.1 Spatial Frequency Concept 3957.2 Optical Transfer Function 3977.3 Miscellaneous 4107.4 OTF of Cascaded Systems 420References 4238 Gaussian Beams 4258.1 Introduction 4258.2 Gaussian Beam Transformation 4298.3 Astigmatic Beams 4378.4 Ray Equivalent of Gaussian Beams 4408.5 Truncated Gaussian Beams 4458.6 Gaussian Beams Beyond the Paraxial Approximation 4498.7 Gaussian Beam with Spherical Aberration 4528.8 Single Mode Fibre Coupling with Gaussian Beam 4548.9 Partial Coherent Gauss–Schell Beams 456References 4599 Photometry and Radiometry 4639.1 Introduction 4639.2 Lambertian Source 4669.3 Radiometric Transfer of Energy 4679.4 Radiometry of Optical Systems 4779.5 Radiometry with Partial Coherent Light 485References 48810 Phase Space Representation 49110.1 General Aspects 49110.2 Geometrical Ray Model 49510.3 Wigner Distribution Function 50010.4 Photometry in Phase Space 50810.5 Miscellaneous 515References 52111 Computation and Digital Processing of Images 52311.1 Introduction 52311.2 Image Computation 52311.3 Confocal Imaging 53811.4 Anisoplanatic Imaging 54311.5 Digital Imaging Processing 55411.6 Image Quality Metrics 55911.7 Digital Image Restoration 56311.8 Plenoptical Imaging 56911.9 Digital Phase Imaging 57911.10 Extended Depth of Focus 583References 58812 Mathematical Appendix 59312.1 Fourier Transform and Related 59312.2 Miscellaneous 608References 616Index 617

Herbert Gross has 30 years’ experience designing optical systems at Zeiss AG and has spent 12 years teaching and conducting research at the University of Jena, Germany. His unique background spans both industrial lens design and academic research, providing him with deep insights into both the theoretical foundations and practical challenges of optical system development.

• Preface of the Book Series xvPreface of the First Volume xviAcknowledgements xvii1 Introduction 11.1 Modelling and Goal of Lens Design 21.2 Optical System Types and Aperture Field Classification 3References 102 Optical Materials 132.1 Introduction 132.2 Dispersion 142.3 Group Velocity Dispersion and Short Pulses 372.4 Absorption and Transmission 422.5 Thermal Properties 462.6 Other Optical Materials 49References 573 Geometrical Optics 613.1 Introduction 613.2 Law of Refraction 613.3 Fresnel Formulas 653.4 Raytrace 743.5 Paraxial Approximation 1003.6 Matrix Calculus 1083.7 Helmholtz–Lagrange Invariant 1203.8 Delano Diagram 1243.9 Gaussian Brackets 129References 1334 Optical Components 1374.1 Overview 1374.2 Single Refractive Spherical Surface 1374.3 Plane Plates 1384.4 Lenses 1434.5 Mirrors 1574.6 Aspheres 1584.7 Freeform Surfaces 1714.8 Special Component Types 1854.9 Gradient Index Lenses 2094.10 Prisms 2144.11 Diffractive Elements 2224.12 Diffusor Plates 234References 2385 Imaging Systems 2435.1 Introduction 2435.2 Geometrical Imaging 2475.3 Magnification, Field of View, Aperture and Vergence 2575.4 Pupil 2645.5 Vignetting 2695.6 Infinity Cases for Field and Pupil 2815.7 Imaging with Mirrors 2875.8 Imaging Without Rotational Symmetry 2925.9 Miscellaneous 305References 3096 Diffraction and Point Spread Function 3116.1 Diffraction Phenomena 3116.2 Calculation of Diffraction Effects 3166.3 Point Spread Function in Optical Systems 3376.4 PSF in Case of Apodization 3436.5 Focusing at Low Fresnel Numbers 3476.6 Focusing at High Numerical Aperture 3506.7 PSF for Compound Systems 3596.8 Cascaded Diffraction in Optical Systems 3656.9 Miscellaneous 3726.10 Field in a Tilted Plane 383References 3897 Optical Transfer Function 3957.1 Spatial Frequency Concept 3957.2 Optical Transfer Function 3977.3 Miscellaneous 4107.4 OTF of Cascaded Systems 420References 4238 Gaussian Beams 4258.1 Introduction 4258.2 Gaussian Beam Transformation 4298.3 Astigmatic Beams 4378.4 Ray Equivalent of Gaussian Beams 4408.5 Truncated Gaussian Beams 4458.6 Gaussian Beams Beyond the Paraxial Approximation 4498.7 Gaussian Beam with Spherical Aberration 4528.8 Single Mode Fibre Coupling with Gaussian Beam 4548.9 Partial Coherent Gauss–Schell Beams 456References 4599 Photometry and Radiometry 4639.1 Introduction 4639.2 Lambertian Source 4669.3 Radiometric Transfer of Energy 4679.4 Radiometry of Optical Systems 4779.5 Radiometry with Partial Coherent Light 485References 48810 Phase Space Representation 49110.1 General Aspects 49110.2 Geometrical Ray Model 49510.3 Wigner Distribution Function 50010.4 Photometry in Phase Space 50810.5 Miscellaneous 515References 52111 Computation and Digital Processing of Images 52311.1 Introduction 52311.2 Image Computation 52311.3 Confocal Imaging 53811.4 Anisoplanatic Imaging 54311.5 Digital Imaging Processing 55411.6 Image Quality Metrics 55911.7 Digital Image Restoration 56311.8 Plenoptical Imaging 56911.9 Digital Phase Imaging 57911.10 Extended Depth of Focus 583References 58812 Mathematical Appendix 59312.1 Fourier Transform and Related 59312.2 Miscellaneous 608References 616Index 617