Aparna Rao received her doctorate in anthropology from the University of Paris, Sorbonne. At the time of her death in 2005 she was associated with the Department of Anthropology, the University of Cologne (Germany). Among other publications, she is the author of Autonomy: Life Cycle, Gender and Status among Himalayan Pastoralists (1998).T.N. Madan is Emeritus Professor at the Institute of Economic Growth (University of Delhi), Honorary Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute (London) and Docteur Honoris Causa of the University of Paris, Nanterre. The large body of his published work includes Family and Kinship: A Study of the Pandits of Rural Kashmir (1965, 2007).

• foreword IX Kashmir, Kashmiris, KashmiriyatAn Introductory Essay T.N. Madan 1 Part I. The sociocultural heritage: critical components 1. The Kashmiri Pa]n]dits: Their Early History Michael Witzel 37 2. Mass Conversion in Medieval Kashmir:Academic Perceptions and People’s Practice Rattan Lal Hangloo 97 3. 3. Islam, State and Society in Medieval Kashmir: A Revaluation of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani’s Historical Role Mohammad Ishaq Khan 139 4. 4. Lalla’s Relation to the Shaivite and Sufi Traditions in Kashmir Jaishree Kak 177 5. 5. Land Rights in Rural Kashmir: A Study in Continuity and Change from Late-SIXteenth to Late-Twentieth Centuries Mushtaq A. Kaw 207 6. 6. Shrines, Political Authority, and Religious Identities in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-century Kashmir Chitralekha Zutshi 235 7. Maji Khir Bhavani: The Kashmiri Kuladevi Madhu B. Wangu 259 Part II. The sociocultural heritage: Continuity and change 8. The Dying Linguistic Heritage of the Kashmiris: Kashmiri Literary Culture and Language Braj B. Kachru 303 9. Kashmiri Music in the Context of the Music of Muslim Near East and Central Asia and the Music of India Jozef Pacholczyk 339 10. Dissolution and Dispersal: The Impact of Modernity and Conflict on the Pandas of Kashmir Valley Rekha Wazir 365 11. A Black Dog’s Gaze: Some Insights into the Mortuary Rites and Conceptual Transformations among the Gujar and Bakkarwal of the Kashmir Valley Michael J. Casimir and Aparna Rao 401 12. Popular Kashmiri Sufism and the Challenge of Scripturalist Islam (1900-1989) Yoginder Sikand 489 Part III. Recent developments: Culture and politics 13. Kashmir as Paradise on Earth Ronald Inden 523 14. 14. Revisiting Key Episodes in Modern Kashmiri History Nathal·ene Reynolds 563 15. 15. The Rhetorics of the Kashmiri Militant Movement: Azadi or Jihad Navnita Chadha Behera 605 16. 16. Kashmiri Women and the Conflict: From Icon to Agency Rita Manchanda 653 17. Kashmiri Exceptionalism Alexander Evans 713 selected publications of aparna rao 743 list of contributors 747 index 749

Aparna Rao received her doctorate in anthropology from the University of Paris, Sorbonne. At the time of her death in 2005 she was associated with the Department of Anthropology, the University of Cologne (Germany). Among other publications, she is the author of Autonomy: Life Cycle, Gender and Status among Himalayan Pastoralists (1998).T.N. Madan is Emeritus Professor at the Institute of Economic Growth (University of Delhi), Honorary Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute (London) and Docteur Honoris Causa of the University of Paris, Nanterre. The large body of his published work includes Family and Kinship: A Study of the Pandits of Rural Kashmir (1965, 2007).

• foreword IX Kashmir, Kashmiris, KashmiriyatAn Introductory Essay T.N. Madan 1 Part I. The sociocultural heritage: critical components 1. The Kashmiri Pa]n]dits: Their Early History Michael Witzel 37 2. Mass Conversion in Medieval Kashmir:Academic Perceptions and People’s Practice Rattan Lal Hangloo 97 3. 3. Islam, State and Society in Medieval Kashmir: A Revaluation of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani’s Historical Role Mohammad Ishaq Khan 139 4. 4. Lalla’s Relation to the Shaivite and Sufi Traditions in Kashmir Jaishree Kak 177 5. 5. Land Rights in Rural Kashmir: A Study in Continuity and Change from Late-SIXteenth to Late-Twentieth Centuries Mushtaq A. Kaw 207 6. 6. Shrines, Political Authority, and Religious Identities in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-century Kashmir Chitralekha Zutshi 235 7. Maji Khir Bhavani: The Kashmiri Kuladevi Madhu B. Wangu 259 Part II. The sociocultural heritage: Continuity and change 8. The Dying Linguistic Heritage of the Kashmiris: Kashmiri Literary Culture and Language Braj B. Kachru 303 9. Kashmiri Music in the Context of the Music of Muslim Near East and Central Asia and the Music of India Jozef Pacholczyk 339 10. Dissolution and Dispersal: The Impact of Modernity and Conflict on the Pandas of Kashmir Valley Rekha Wazir 365 11. A Black Dog’s Gaze: Some Insights into the Mortuary Rites and Conceptual Transformations among the Gujar and Bakkarwal of the Kashmir Valley Michael J. Casimir and Aparna Rao 401 12. Popular Kashmiri Sufism and the Challenge of Scripturalist Islam (1900-1989) Yoginder Sikand 489 Part III. Recent developments: Culture and politics 13. Kashmir as Paradise on Earth Ronald Inden 523 14. 14. Revisiting Key Episodes in Modern Kashmiri History Nathal·ene Reynolds 563 15. 15. The Rhetorics of the Kashmiri Militant Movement: Azadi or Jihad Navnita Chadha Behera 605 16. 16. Kashmiri Women and the Conflict: From Icon to Agency Rita Manchanda 653 17. Kashmiri Exceptionalism Alexander Evans 713 selected publications of aparna rao 743 list of contributors 747 index 749

Aparna Rao received her doctorate in anthropology from the University of Paris, Sorbonne. At the time of her death in 2005 she was associated with the Department of Anthropology, the University of Cologne (Germany). Among other publications, she is the author of Autonomy: Life Cycle, Gender and Status among Himalayan Pastoralists (1998).T.N. Madan is Emeritus Professor at the Institute of Economic Growth (University of Delhi), Honorary Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute (London) and Docteur Honoris Causa of the University of Paris, Nanterre. The large body of his published work includes Family and Kinship: A Study of the Pandits of Rural Kashmir (1965, 2007).

• foreword IX Kashmir, Kashmiris, KashmiriyatAn Introductory Essay T.N. Madan 1 Part I. The sociocultural heritage: critical components 1. The Kashmiri Pa]n]dits: Their Early History Michael Witzel 37 2. Mass Conversion in Medieval Kashmir:Academic Perceptions and People’s Practice Rattan Lal Hangloo 97 3. 3. Islam, State and Society in Medieval Kashmir: A Revaluation of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani’s Historical Role Mohammad Ishaq Khan 139 4. 4. Lalla’s Relation to the Shaivite and Sufi Traditions in Kashmir Jaishree Kak 177 5. 5. Land Rights in Rural Kashmir: A Study in Continuity and Change from Late-SIXteenth to Late-Twentieth Centuries Mushtaq A. Kaw 207 6. 6. Shrines, Political Authority, and Religious Identities in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-century Kashmir Chitralekha Zutshi 235 7. Maji Khir Bhavani: The Kashmiri Kuladevi Madhu B. Wangu 259 Part II. The sociocultural heritage: Continuity and change 8. The Dying Linguistic Heritage of the Kashmiris: Kashmiri Literary Culture and Language Braj B. Kachru 303 9. Kashmiri Music in the Context of the Music of Muslim Near East and Central Asia and the Music of India Jozef Pacholczyk 339 10. Dissolution and Dispersal: The Impact of Modernity and Conflict on the Pandas of Kashmir Valley Rekha Wazir 365 11. A Black Dog’s Gaze: Some Insights into the Mortuary Rites and Conceptual Transformations among the Gujar and Bakkarwal of the Kashmir Valley Michael J. Casimir and Aparna Rao 401 12. Popular Kashmiri Sufism and the Challenge of Scripturalist Islam (1900-1989) Yoginder Sikand 489 Part III. Recent developments: Culture and politics 13. Kashmir as Paradise on Earth Ronald Inden 523 14. 14. Revisiting Key Episodes in Modern Kashmiri History Nathal·ene Reynolds 563 15. 15. The Rhetorics of the Kashmiri Militant Movement: Azadi or Jihad Navnita Chadha Behera 605 16. 16. Kashmiri Women and the Conflict: From Icon to Agency Rita Manchanda 653 17. Kashmiri Exceptionalism Alexander Evans 713 selected publications of aparna rao 743 list of contributors 747 index 749