Roger S. Nam, Ph.D. (2008) in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, University of California, Los Angeles, is Assistant Professor of Biblical Studies at George Fox University.

• Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations1. THE ECONOMY OF ANCIENT ISRAEL1.1. Presuppositions and Method1.2. The Text of Kings as a Source1.3. The Text of Kings as History1.4. The Economies of Ancient Israel: A Survey of Research1.5. Conclusions2. ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY2.1. Theories of Political Economy2.1.a. Classical Political Economy2.1.b. Karl Marx2.1.c. Max Weber2.2. The Pioneering Economic Anthropologists2.3. Karl Polanyi2.3.a. The Great Transformation2.3.b. Reciprocity2.3.c. Redistribution2.3.d. Market Exchange2.3.e. The Problem of Terminology2.4. Reactions to Polanyi2.4.a. Economic Anthropology2.4.b. Assyriology2.4.c. The Informal Economy2.4.d. Biblical Studies2.5. Summary and Conclusions3. SYMMETRICAL RECIPROCITY IN THE BOOK OF KINGS3.1. Reciprocity in the Ancient Near East3.2. Reciprocity among Polities3.2.a. King Solomon and King Hiram of Tyre3.2.b. King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba3.2.c. Hezekiah and Merodach-Baladan3.3. Non-Elite Reciprocity3.3.a. Refusing Reciprocity to Subvert3.3.b. Offering Reciprocity to Empower3.3.c. Non-elite Reciprocity as Informal Economy3.3.d. Historical Considerations3.4. Summary and Conclusions4. ASYMMETRICAL REDISTRIBUTION IN THE BOOK OF KINGS4.1. The Redistributive Economy in Pre-Exilic Israel4.1.a. Iron Age IIA (980-840/830 BCE): State Formation4.1.b. Iron Age IIB (840/830-732/701 BCE): Neo-Assyrian Threat4.1.c. Iron Age IIC (732/701-605/587 BCE): Foreign Hegemony4.2. State Redistribution4.2.a. Solomonic Redistribution4.2.b. Temple Redistribution4.2.c. The Exception to Redistribution: Patrimonial Land4.3. International Redistribution4.3.a. The Items of Tribute4.3.b. The Ideology of Tribute4.4. Theoretical Reconsiderations: The Reciprocity of Redistribution4.5. Summary and Conclusions 5. PRICE-SETTING MARKETS IN THE BOOK OF KINGS5.1. Did Ancient Israel Know Price-Setting Markets? The State of the Question5.2. Possible References to Market Exchange5.2.a. 1 Kings 9:26-28; 10:11-12, 22, 28-29: Solomon’s Long Distance Trade5.2.b. 1 Kings 20:34: Israelite Merchants in Damascus5.2.c. 2 Kings 6:24-25; 7:1-18: Price Movements in Besieged Samaria5.2.d. 2 Kings 4:1-7: The Widow’s Sale of Oil5.3. References to Silver5.4. Did Ancient Israel Know Price-Setting Markets?5.5. Summary and Conclusions6. A SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF EXCHANGE IN ANCIENT ISRAEL6.1. Ancient Israel as a Mixed Economy6.2. Ancient Israel as an Informal Economy6.3. The Economic System of Israel and Judah6.3.a. The Local Economy6.3.b. The International Economy7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS7.1. Overall Summary and Conclusions7.2. Directions for Future Research: Post-exilic Portrayals of ExchangeSelect BibliographyIndex of Ancient SourcesIndex of Modern AuthorsSubject Index

Roger S. Nam, Ph.D. (2008) in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, University of California, Los Angeles, is Assistant Professor of Biblical Studies at George Fox University.

• Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations1. THE ECONOMY OF ANCIENT ISRAEL1.1. Presuppositions and Method1.2. The Text of Kings as a Source1.3. The Text of Kings as History1.4. The Economies of Ancient Israel: A Survey of Research1.5. Conclusions2. ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY2.1. Theories of Political Economy2.1.a. Classical Political Economy2.1.b. Karl Marx2.1.c. Max Weber2.2. The Pioneering Economic Anthropologists2.3. Karl Polanyi2.3.a. The Great Transformation2.3.b. Reciprocity2.3.c. Redistribution2.3.d. Market Exchange2.3.e. The Problem of Terminology2.4. Reactions to Polanyi2.4.a. Economic Anthropology2.4.b. Assyriology2.4.c. The Informal Economy2.4.d. Biblical Studies2.5. Summary and Conclusions3. SYMMETRICAL RECIPROCITY IN THE BOOK OF KINGS3.1. Reciprocity in the Ancient Near East3.2. Reciprocity among Polities3.2.a. King Solomon and King Hiram of Tyre3.2.b. King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba3.2.c. Hezekiah and Merodach-Baladan3.3. Non-Elite Reciprocity3.3.a. Refusing Reciprocity to Subvert3.3.b. Offering Reciprocity to Empower3.3.c. Non-elite Reciprocity as Informal Economy3.3.d. Historical Considerations3.4. Summary and Conclusions4. ASYMMETRICAL REDISTRIBUTION IN THE BOOK OF KINGS4.1. The Redistributive Economy in Pre-Exilic Israel4.1.a. Iron Age IIA (980-840/830 BCE): State Formation4.1.b. Iron Age IIB (840/830-732/701 BCE): Neo-Assyrian Threat4.1.c. Iron Age IIC (732/701-605/587 BCE): Foreign Hegemony4.2. State Redistribution4.2.a. Solomonic Redistribution4.2.b. Temple Redistribution4.2.c. The Exception to Redistribution: Patrimonial Land4.3. International Redistribution4.3.a. The Items of Tribute4.3.b. The Ideology of Tribute4.4. Theoretical Reconsiderations: The Reciprocity of Redistribution4.5. Summary and Conclusions 5. PRICE-SETTING MARKETS IN THE BOOK OF KINGS5.1. Did Ancient Israel Know Price-Setting Markets? The State of the Question5.2. Possible References to Market Exchange5.2.a. 1 Kings 9:26-28; 10:11-12, 22, 28-29: Solomon’s Long Distance Trade5.2.b. 1 Kings 20:34: Israelite Merchants in Damascus5.2.c. 2 Kings 6:24-25; 7:1-18: Price Movements in Besieged Samaria5.2.d. 2 Kings 4:1-7: The Widow’s Sale of Oil5.3. References to Silver5.4. Did Ancient Israel Know Price-Setting Markets?5.5. Summary and Conclusions6. A SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF EXCHANGE IN ANCIENT ISRAEL6.1. Ancient Israel as a Mixed Economy6.2. Ancient Israel as an Informal Economy6.3. The Economic System of Israel and Judah6.3.a. The Local Economy6.3.b. The International Economy7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS7.1. Overall Summary and Conclusions7.2. Directions for Future Research: Post-exilic Portrayals of ExchangeSelect BibliographyIndex of Ancient SourcesIndex of Modern AuthorsSubject Index

Roger S. Nam, Ph.D. (2008) in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, University of California, Los Angeles, is Assistant Professor of Biblical Studies at George Fox University.

• Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations1. THE ECONOMY OF ANCIENT ISRAEL1.1. Presuppositions and Method1.2. The Text of Kings as a Source1.3. The Text of Kings as History1.4. The Economies of Ancient Israel: A Survey of Research1.5. Conclusions2. ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY2.1. Theories of Political Economy2.1.a. Classical Political Economy2.1.b. Karl Marx2.1.c. Max Weber2.2. The Pioneering Economic Anthropologists2.3. Karl Polanyi2.3.a. The Great Transformation2.3.b. Reciprocity2.3.c. Redistribution2.3.d. Market Exchange2.3.e. The Problem of Terminology2.4. Reactions to Polanyi2.4.a. Economic Anthropology2.4.b. Assyriology2.4.c. The Informal Economy2.4.d. Biblical Studies2.5. Summary and Conclusions3. SYMMETRICAL RECIPROCITY IN THE BOOK OF KINGS3.1. Reciprocity in the Ancient Near East3.2. Reciprocity among Polities3.2.a. King Solomon and King Hiram of Tyre3.2.b. King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba3.2.c. Hezekiah and Merodach-Baladan3.3. Non-Elite Reciprocity3.3.a. Refusing Reciprocity to Subvert3.3.b. Offering Reciprocity to Empower3.3.c. Non-elite Reciprocity as Informal Economy3.3.d. Historical Considerations3.4. Summary and Conclusions4. ASYMMETRICAL REDISTRIBUTION IN THE BOOK OF KINGS4.1. The Redistributive Economy in Pre-Exilic Israel4.1.a. Iron Age IIA (980-840/830 BCE): State Formation4.1.b. Iron Age IIB (840/830-732/701 BCE): Neo-Assyrian Threat4.1.c. Iron Age IIC (732/701-605/587 BCE): Foreign Hegemony4.2. State Redistribution4.2.a. Solomonic Redistribution4.2.b. Temple Redistribution4.2.c. The Exception to Redistribution: Patrimonial Land4.3. International Redistribution4.3.a. The Items of Tribute4.3.b. The Ideology of Tribute4.4. Theoretical Reconsiderations: The Reciprocity of Redistribution4.5. Summary and Conclusions 5. PRICE-SETTING MARKETS IN THE BOOK OF KINGS5.1. Did Ancient Israel Know Price-Setting Markets? The State of the Question5.2. Possible References to Market Exchange5.2.a. 1 Kings 9:26-28; 10:11-12, 22, 28-29: Solomon’s Long Distance Trade5.2.b. 1 Kings 20:34: Israelite Merchants in Damascus5.2.c. 2 Kings 6:24-25; 7:1-18: Price Movements in Besieged Samaria5.2.d. 2 Kings 4:1-7: The Widow’s Sale of Oil5.3. References to Silver5.4. Did Ancient Israel Know Price-Setting Markets?5.5. Summary and Conclusions6. A SOCIAL ANALYSIS OF EXCHANGE IN ANCIENT ISRAEL6.1. Ancient Israel as a Mixed Economy6.2. Ancient Israel as an Informal Economy6.3. The Economic System of Israel and Judah6.3.a. The Local Economy6.3.b. The International Economy7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS7.1. Overall Summary and Conclusions7.2. Directions for Future Research: Post-exilic Portrayals of ExchangeSelect BibliographyIndex of Ancient SourcesIndex of Modern AuthorsSubject Index