János M. Bak is Professor Emeritus of Medieval History at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver and Central European University, Budapest. He published extensively on medieval rulership, laws, symbology of power; his most recent volume is Studying Rulers and their Subjects (Variorum, 2010).     Patrick J. Geary is Professor of Medieval European History at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He has published numerous books and essays on medieval social and cultural history including The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe (Princeton, 2002).     Gábor Klaniczay is Professor of Medieval Studies at the Central European University, Budapest. He has published numerous books and essays on the historical anthropology of Christianity, including Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe (Cambridge, 2002).

• Acknowledgements ... viiThe Long Shadow of Ossian. Editors' Preface ... viiiList of Figures ... xxvNotes on Contributors ... xxviiiPART ONESEARCHING FOR THE VOICE OF THE NATION1 The Manuscripts of Grünberg and Königinhof: Romantic Lies about the Glorious Past of the Czech Nation ... 3Pavlína Rychterová2 To Authenticate a Manuscript: The Case of Toldy and Hanka, Hermeneutically Reconsidered ... 31Péter Dávidházi3 The Kalevala and the Authenticity Debate ... 56Pertti Anttonen4 János Arany’s Csaba Trilogy and Arnold Ipolyi’s Hungarian Mythology ... 81László Szörényi5 From the Anonymous Gesta to the Flight of Zalán by Vörösmarty ... 96János M. BakPART TWOINVENTING A PAST6 Forging the Cuman Law, Forging an Identity ... 109Nora Berend7 Invented Middle Ages in Nineteenth-century Hungary. The Forgeries of Sámuel Literáti Nemes ... 129Benedek Láng8 Excellent Scholar—Excellent Forger: The Case of Karl Benedict Hase ... 144Igor P. Medvedev9 On Firkowicz, Forgeries and Forging Jewish Identities ... 156Dan D. Y. ShapiraPART THREE“ANCIENT” OBJECTS: FAKES AND PHANTASIES10 Wisest is Time: Ancient Vase Forgeries ... 173János György Szilágyi11 Agilulf, “The Nonexistent Knight” and the Forging of the Italian “Germanic” Past ... 224Cristina La Rocca12 Imagining the Real: Material Evidence and Participatory Past in Nineteenth-Century Lithuania ... 267Giedrė Mickūnaitė13 Time Stopped. The Open-air Museum Skansen of Artur Hazelius ... 287Johan Hegardt14 The New York Cloisters: A Forgery? ... 307Sándor RadnótiIndex of Proper Names ... 317