Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461

Rustam Shukurov, D.Sc. in History (2012), is Professor of Byzantine studies at Moscow State University. He has published monographs, translations, and many articles on the Byzantine, Iranian and Turkic worlds, including The Grand Komnenoi and the Orient (1204–1461) (Moscow, 2001).

"This study offers for the first time a complete guide to interrelations between the Byzantines and the people of (mainly) Turkic origin who penetrated the Byzantine Empire from the eleventh century onwards. Shukurov presents rich historiographical and linguistic material on how the Turks acquired Byzantine identity through language and religion. The author supplements his Greek sources with Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Armenian and Georgian materials, which allows him to analyse the complex and multi-faceted cultural panorama of Asia Minor in the period. This study will clearly constitute a useful tool for those interested oin Byzantine-Turkic relations."Spyros P. Panagopoulos, in: Al-Masaq XXIX (2017).

• ContentsAcknowledgements xiList of Figures and Tables xiiIntroduction 11 The Byzantine Classification of the Turks 111 On Byzantine Epistemology 112 The Locative Criterion and the Theory of Climates 173 Two-Part Classification: Genera and Species 264 Generic Categories 275 The Species 336 The Concept Πέρσαι 377 The Defects of the Method 428 The Linguistic Criterion 449 The Languages of the Turks 4810 Turks and Religious Identity 5311 Marriages with Non-Christians 5512 The Validity of Baptism 592 Byzantine Onomastics: Problems of Method 651 The Onomastic Database 652 The West Byzantine Lands in the Database 683 The Byzantine Pontos 704 On Byzantine Patterns of Naming 725 A Linguistic Problem 746 The Problem of Generations 777 Credibility of Anthroponymical Data 788 “Scythian” and “Persian” Names 843 The “Persians” and the “Scythians” 861 Historical Background 862 The “Scythians” 903 The “Persians” 944 The Byzantine “Persians” in 1204–1262 965 The “Persian” Resettlement of 1262–1263 986 Kaykāwus’ Family in Byzantium 1057 Kaykāwus’ People 1208 “Persian” Immigrations until the Beginning of the FourteenthCentury 1319 The Turkic Immigrants in the First Half of the FourteenthCentury 13410 The Last Byzantine Turks? 14710.1 Text 14810.2 Translation 15010.3 Commentary 1524 The Byzantine Turks in the Balkans 1571 Byzantine Macedonia 1592 The Lower Strymon and Serres 1613 Kalamaria in Western Chalkidike 1644 Eastern Chalkidike 1665 Berroia and Lake Giannitsa 1686 The Vardar Valley, Skopje, the Strumica 1707 Thessalonike and Other Localities 1748 Ethnic and Social Structure 1749 Constantinople and Some Other Regions 17710 A Note on Chronology 17911 The Problem of Merchants 1815 The Noble Lineages 1831 Constructing a “Family” 1842 The Gazes Families (I and II) 1843 The Melik/Melikes/Melek Family 1874 The Soultanos Family (I) 1905 The Soultanos Family (II) 1946 The Apelmene Family 1967 The Masgidas Families (I and II) 1978 The Iagoupes Family 2009 The Anataulas Family 2096 Assimilation Tools 2161 The Motivation of the Turks 2162 An Opposite Example 2203 Christianization 2234 More on Inclusion and Exclusion 2315 Proprietors and Pronoiars 2346 Imperial Service 2397 Slaves, Servants, and Hostages 2448 Cultural Adaptation 2499 Turkic Minority? 2517 Asians in the Byzantine Pontos 2551 Oriental Names of the Pontos 2552 Nations and Tribes 2593 Social Standing 2684 The Pontic Nomads 2815 Christians and Crypto-Muslims 2906 Penetration of Asians into Trebizond 297Appendix I: The Wives of Alexios II Grand Komnenos 303Appendix II: The Marriages of the Grand Komnenoi with Muslims 3058 “Turkophonia” in Byzantium 3061 Byzantine Diglossia 3062 Oriental Borrowings 3083 Textiles 3124 Clothes and Household Items 3155 Spices, Delicacies, Medications 3246 Birds and Animals 3267 Trading Terminology 3278 Imperial Court and Military Terminology 3329 The Positive Image of the East 33910 Expanding the Horizon 34311 Diglossia and Place-Names 34912 Diglossia and the Redoubling of the World 35413 Evidence of Modern Greek 35814 Byzantine Turkophonia 35915 Latent Turkification 38016 Cultural Interchange and a Lethal Outcome 3819 Etymological Glossary 3881 Proper Names 3882 Appellatives 404Epilogue 4131 The Turkic Minority 4132 Regional Features 4143 Cultural Transformation 418Bibliography 421Index of Greek and Slavonic Names and Terms 474General Index 486