Lola Kantor-Kazovsky holds a Ph.D. from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where she is currently senior lecturer in the Department of Art History. She specializes in eighteenth-century European art and modern Russian-Jewish art.

• PrefaceList of IllustrationsIntroduction: Across the East-West Divide: A Portrait of the Artist in Transcultural Perspective1 The Moscow Prelude: Visual Culture of the Cold War Era or the “Second Russian Avant-Garde”?1 A Familiar Stranger: The Russian Encounter with Modern Art in the 1950s2 The Impact of the American National Exhibition in Moscow: From Abstraction to Multiple Idioms3 The “Cognitive Theory” of the Russian Avant-Garde and Its Role in the Formation of Unofficial Modern Art4 Situating Unofficial Art Politically: Leviathan as a Symbol of Protest2 The Notion of Modern Jewish Art across Borders1 Jewish Art and Modern Culture: A Complex Dialogue2 Renunciation of Art as the “Hidden Tradition” of Jewish Modernism3 The Conflict between Traditionalist and Modernist Jewish Art4 The Revival of Art Theory in the USSR and Grobman’s Debt to Malevich5 The Genesis Myth and Suprematism in Grobman’s Work of the 1960s3 Jewish vs. Israeli: Cultural Politics and Identity Controversy in the Work of the Leviathan Group1 Shifting Self-Definitions in Local Art Scenes of the Late 1960s and Early 1970s2 Grobman’s Jerusalem Diary: The Jewish Artist as “Other” in the Israeli Art World3 Grobman and Conceptual Art: “Renunciation” vs. “Dematerialization of the Art Object”4 “To Stand on the Rock of the Word ‘We’”: The Art of the Leviathan Group4 Postmodern Variations: Too Jewish, Too Russian, Too Israeli1 The Jewish Artist as Russian Poet and Israeli Serviceman, 1980s–1990s2 Conclusion: Parallels, Conflicts, and Hybrids of the Patterns of Modernism in the Biography of a Single ArtistAppendices: Selected Texts by Michail GrobmanA Manifesto of Magical SymbolismB Selected Theoretical NotesC First Manifesto of the Leviathan GroupD Second Manifesto of the Leviathan GroupE Third Manifesto of the Leviathan Group (Part of the Leviathan Group’s Installation at the Abattoires 89 International Festival of Artistic Groups in Marseille, Which Was Dedicated to the Bicentennial of the French Revolution, Plate 68)F The Biblical Construction of the SquareG The Riddle of LevitanH The Second Russian Avant-GardeBibliographyPlatesIndex