Andrea Guidi, Ph.D. (Florence, 2008), is Assegnista at the Università dell’Insubria and Associate Member of the SFB 1015 Muße, Freiburg. Co-editor of both Machiavelli’s diplomatic and private correspondence, his archive-based monograph and articles on Machiavelli and the history of archives use long-overlooked documents.

"Guidi challenges traditional views that Machiavelli was an idealist who believed that reviving Roman civic virtues would stimulate Italian patriotism and drive the foreigners out of Italy; his research into the years 1527–30 shows that Machiavelli's proposed reforms had practical goals and were widely influential.""Well written, with numerous letters (in Italian) in the appendix, this book will be widely cited in future publications about Machiavelli."W. L. Urban, emeritus, Monmouth College (IL), in CHOICE Connect, a publication of the Association of College and Research Libraries

• Contents List of FiguresAbbreviationsIntroduction1  Why New Research on Florentine Militias and on the Art of War?2 Overview3 Acknowledgements Part 1: “Il modo dello armare presente”: Machiavelli and the Ordinanza of 1527-30Introduction to Part 1:History and Historiography1  History2  Historiography1 “Il modo dello armare presente” (“Fanterie d’oggi”), Section 1  Hand Firearms in Machiavelli, and in the 1528-30 Ordinanza1  Hand Firearms at the Time of Machiavelli 1.1 Individual Firearms in the Documents of Machiavelli’s Time2  Hand Firearms at the Time of the 1527-30 Ordinanza3  Conclusions2 “Il modo dello armare presente” (“Fanterie d’oggi”), Section 2  Comparisons and Relationships between Machiavelli’s 1506 Militia and the Ordinanza of 1528-301 A Shared Background1.1 The Need for New, Large, Permanent Armies2 Differences2.1 The Separation between the City and the Country Battalions2.2 The Role of the New Militia Battalions in the Structure of the Florentine Army2.3 Different Infantry Battle Techniques3 “Il modo dello armare presente” (“Fanterie d’oggi”), Section 3  The Role of the Peasants: Innovations within the Machiavellian Militia1  The Administration of Justice2  Benefiting and Rewarding 3 Conclusions4 “Il modo dello armare presente” (“Fanterie d’oggi”), Section 4  Infantry Battle Techniques and Infantry Tactics in Machiavelli’s Militia of 1506 and in 1521 Art of War1  Ravenna as a Turning Point: From the Swiss Model in the 1506 Militia to the ‘Third Order’ of Infantry in the Prince, Up to the Roman Archetype in the Art of War2  ConclusionsPart 2: The Reception of Machiavelli’s Art of War and the Fortune of the Militia Concept in EuropeIntroduction to Part 2: A Brief Introduction to the Fortune of Machiavelli in the Sixteenth Century1  Machiavelli and Machiavellism 2  Historiography on the Art of War and This Book 5 The Circulation of Machiavelli’s Art of War in Early-Modern Europe, and Its Influence on Cultures of Warfare and on Experiments with Organizing Militias1 France1.1 The First French Translation of the Arte della guerra and the Publication of French Military Treatises Inspired by Machiavelli1.2 A Lost Latin Translation?2  Basle, Switzerland and the German-Speaking World2.1 Appendix: a Little-Known (Anonymous) Huguenot French Theorist of Military Doctrine in Basle3  The Creation of Infantry Legions in Sixteenth-Century France4 Spanish Provinces: The Uses and the Misuses of Machiavelli by European Sovereigns5  The Long-Standing Influence of the Art of War. Training and Discipline in the Late Sixteenth Century. The War in the Flanders and the Militia in England6 Fortune, Misfortune, and the Decline of the Machiavellian Heroic Model of Military Glory in Early-Modern Europe1 Collective Virtue: ‘Heroic’ Visions of the Infantry as ‘Warrior’: Contacts and Exchange of Ideas in Europe2 Individual Virtue: The Machiavellian Concept of ‘Heroism’ and Its Transformations in Subsequent Military Thinking3 The Declining Fortune of Machiavelli’s Concepts of Glory and Heroism7 Conclusions1  The Relationship between the Art of War, the New Standing Armies, the Wider Power Structures of European States, and the Connected Cultures of Warfare 3  Political Engagement and Civic ActivismAppendix1 Introduction: Some Notes on the Military Documentary Production of the Time, and on the Available Documentation 1.1 Practical and Administrative Records: Production, Preservation and Availability1.2 The Records of the Nove di Ordinanza e Milizia   from 1527 to 1530: Loss, Preservation and New Discoveries1.3 Short Summary of the Sources Effectively Used in This Appendix2 DocumentsBibliographyIndex of Names