Luisa Bonolis, M.A. in Physics, Sapienza University of Rome and Ph.D. in History of Science, University of Bari, is a scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin. She has published monographs and articles on the history of twentieth-century physics.Juan-Andres Leon,, M.A. in Physics and B.A in History from Universidad de los Andes, and Ph.D. in the History of Science from Harvard University. He has been a postdoctoral researcher at the Science History Institute in Philadelphia and at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. He is currently a Curator at the Science Museum in London.

• ContentsForeword by Reinhard GenzelForeword by Jürgen RennAcknowledgmentsOral History InterviewsList of Illustrations and FiguresAcronyms and AbbreviationsIntroduction1 Nuclear Age (1945–1957): Reconstruction under Regional Fragmentation1 Postwar Scientific Traditions in Göttingen2 Postwar Research Traditions in Southwest Germany3 The Orphan Scenario: Regener, Kiepenheuer, and Dieminger4 Regional Alliances and Rivalries2 Space Age (1957–1980s): A Unique Opportunity for Expansion1 ‘Sputnik Shocks’2 Reorientation of the Max Planck Society in the Early Space Age: Complementarity and Uncoordinated Competition3 Astronomical Revolution in the MPG (1960s–1980s): Completing the Wavelength Spectrum1 Ground-Based Astronomy2 High-Energy Space-Based Astronomy3 Reconfiguration of the Astrophysical Sciences and Institutes4 Internationalization (1970s Onwards): Infrastructural Disappointments and the New International Division of Labor1 From National Infrastructures to International Collaborations2 Historical Change and Resilience in Times of Hardship at the End of the Century3 Into the 21st Century: A New Role for the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics5 Global Leadership in Emerging Fields: Toward Astro-Particle Physics, Relativistic Astrophysics, and Multi-Messenger Astronomy1 Three Case Studies2 The Solar Neutrino Puzzle: Heidelberg between Cosmochemistry and Astroparticle Physics3 The Quest for Gravitational Waves4 From Cosmic Rays to Ground-Based Gamma Ray AstronomyAppendix: The History of Cosmic Research in the Max Planck Society through Its Finances1 A Complementary Analysis2 Financial Periodization of the Cosmic Sciences in the Max Planck Society3 Shifting Balances of ‘Nuclear,’ ‘Cosmic,’ and ‘Earth-System’ Research4 Financial Lock-Ins and the Complementarity of Theoretical and Experimental Research5 Astronomical Institutes, Their Infrastructures, and the End of an Era for the MPGBibliographyIndex

Luisa Bonolis, M.A. in Physics, Sapienza University of Rome and Ph.D. in History of Science, University of Bari, is a scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin. She has published monographs and articles on the history of twentieth-century physics.Juan-Andres Leon,, M.A. in Physics and B.A in History from Universidad de los Andes, and Ph.D. in the History of Science from Harvard University. He has been a postdoctoral researcher at the Science History Institute in Philadelphia and at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. He is currently a Curator at the Science Museum in London.

• ContentsForeword by Reinhard GenzelForeword by Jürgen RennAcknowledgmentsOral History InterviewsList of Illustrations and FiguresAcronyms and AbbreviationsIntroduction1 Nuclear Age (1945–1957): Reconstruction under Regional Fragmentation1 Postwar Scientific Traditions in Göttingen2 Postwar Research Traditions in Southwest Germany3 The Orphan Scenario: Regener, Kiepenheuer, and Dieminger4 Regional Alliances and Rivalries2 Space Age (1957–1980s): A Unique Opportunity for Expansion1 ‘Sputnik Shocks’2 Reorientation of the Max Planck Society in the Early Space Age: Complementarity and Uncoordinated Competition3 Astronomical Revolution in the MPG (1960s–1980s): Completing the Wavelength Spectrum1 Ground-Based Astronomy2 High-Energy Space-Based Astronomy3 Reconfiguration of the Astrophysical Sciences and Institutes4 Internationalization (1970s Onwards): Infrastructural Disappointments and the New International Division of Labor1 From National Infrastructures to International Collaborations2 Historical Change and Resilience in Times of Hardship at the End of the Century3 Into the 21st Century: A New Role for the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics5 Global Leadership in Emerging Fields: Toward Astro-Particle Physics, Relativistic Astrophysics, and Multi-Messenger Astronomy1 Three Case Studies2 The Solar Neutrino Puzzle: Heidelberg between Cosmochemistry and Astroparticle Physics3 The Quest for Gravitational Waves4 From Cosmic Rays to Ground-Based Gamma Ray AstronomyAppendix: The History of Cosmic Research in the Max Planck Society through Its Finances1 A Complementary Analysis2 Financial Periodization of the Cosmic Sciences in the Max Planck Society3 Shifting Balances of ‘Nuclear,’ ‘Cosmic,’ and ‘Earth-System’ Research4 Financial Lock-Ins and the Complementarity of Theoretical and Experimental Research5 Astronomical Institutes, Their Infrastructures, and the End of an Era for the MPGBibliographyIndex

Luisa Bonolis, M.A. in Physics, Sapienza University of Rome and Ph.D. in History of Science, University of Bari, is a scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin. She has published monographs and articles on the history of twentieth-century physics.Juan-Andres Leon,, M.A. in Physics and B.A in History from Universidad de los Andes, and Ph.D. in the History of Science from Harvard University. He has been a postdoctoral researcher at the Science History Institute in Philadelphia and at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. He is currently a Curator at the Science Museum in London.

• ContentsForeword by Reinhard GenzelForeword by Jürgen RennAcknowledgmentsOral History InterviewsList of Illustrations and FiguresAcronyms and AbbreviationsIntroduction1 Nuclear Age (1945–1957): Reconstruction under Regional Fragmentation1 Postwar Scientific Traditions in Göttingen2 Postwar Research Traditions in Southwest Germany3 The Orphan Scenario: Regener, Kiepenheuer, and Dieminger4 Regional Alliances and Rivalries2 Space Age (1957–1980s): A Unique Opportunity for Expansion1 ‘Sputnik Shocks’2 Reorientation of the Max Planck Society in the Early Space Age: Complementarity and Uncoordinated Competition3 Astronomical Revolution in the MPG (1960s–1980s): Completing the Wavelength Spectrum1 Ground-Based Astronomy2 High-Energy Space-Based Astronomy3 Reconfiguration of the Astrophysical Sciences and Institutes4 Internationalization (1970s Onwards): Infrastructural Disappointments and the New International Division of Labor1 From National Infrastructures to International Collaborations2 Historical Change and Resilience in Times of Hardship at the End of the Century3 Into the 21st Century: A New Role for the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics5 Global Leadership in Emerging Fields: Toward Astro-Particle Physics, Relativistic Astrophysics, and Multi-Messenger Astronomy1 Three Case Studies2 The Solar Neutrino Puzzle: Heidelberg between Cosmochemistry and Astroparticle Physics3 The Quest for Gravitational Waves4 From Cosmic Rays to Ground-Based Gamma Ray AstronomyAppendix: The History of Cosmic Research in the Max Planck Society through Its Finances1 A Complementary Analysis2 Financial Periodization of the Cosmic Sciences in the Max Planck Society3 Shifting Balances of ‘Nuclear,’ ‘Cosmic,’ and ‘Earth-System’ Research4 Financial Lock-Ins and the Complementarity of Theoretical and Experimental Research5 Astronomical Institutes, Their Infrastructures, and the End of an Era for the MPGBibliographyIndex