Simon P. Loynes, Ph.D. (2019), University of Edinburgh, is an independent researcher residing in Edinburgh, Scotland.

• AcknowledgementsList of Figures and TablesNote on Transliteration, Conventions, and AbbreviationsIntroduction1 The Roots n-z-l and w-ḥ-y in Previous Scholarship2 Overall Approach of the Study1 Divine Sending Down (tanzīl) I: Actors, Spatiality, and Interaction1 Overview of the Root n-z-l2 Spatial Implications of the Root n-z-l and the Author of the Act3 The Divine Sending Down of Non-revelatory Things2 Divine Sending Down (tanzīl) II: The Revelatory Message1 The Celestial Scripture2 The Divine Sending Down of the Celestial Scripture3 The Relationship of the Celestial Scripture to the Qur’anic Revelations4 The Primary Celestial Event3 God’s Esoteric Communication (waḥy)1 The Root w-ḥ-y in Pre-Islamic Poetry2 The Root w-ḥ-y in the Qur’an3 Adopting a Translation for the Root w-ḥ-y4 The Chronological Distribution and Literary Contexts of the Roots n-z-l and w-ḥ-y1 The Chronological Distribution of the Roots n-z-l and w-ḥ-y2 Form-Critical Analysis of the Roots n-z-l and w-ḥ-y3 Addressing the Chronological Distribution of the Roots5 The Principal Rhetorical Functions of Divine Sending Down and Divine Communication1 The Principal Rhetorical Function of Divine Sending Down2 The Principal Rhetorical Function of Divine Communication3 The Dynamic Nature of the Qur’an’s Self-Referentiality6 The Qur’anic Concept of Revelation1 From Divine Sending Down (tanzīl) to Divine Communication (waḥy)2 Implications of the StudyAppendix 1: Verses with the Root n-z-l Classified according to Formal TypeAppendix 2: Verses with the Root w-ḥ-y Classified according to Formal TypeBibliographyIndex