S.R. Goldstein-Sabbah, Ph.D. (2019), Leiden University. She has contributed to and edited numerous works on Middle Eastern and Northern African Jewry, including Modernity, Minority, and the Public Sphere: Jews and Christians in the Middle East (Brill, 2016).

• AcknowledgementsList of Figures and TablesAbbreviationsTransliteration NotesIntroduction1 Scholarship on the Jews of Iraq2 Methods and Sources3 Jewish Transnational Networks: Modernization, Globalization, and Secularization4 The Jewish Communal Organization in Iraq5 Outline1 Nineteenth-Century Network and Connections1 Secular Jewish Identity and Transnational Jewish Solidarity2 Economic and Political Reforms3 Nineteenth-Century European Influence: Iterations of Enlightenment4 The Lay Council: Structural and Intellectual Forces of Modernity5 Conclusions: Nineteenth-Century Networks and Innovations2 Transnational Networks and the Baghdadi Diaspora1 The Satellite Communities as a Baghdadi Diaspora2 Historical Background3 The Baghdadi Diaspora and Its Connection with Baghdad4 Language Use and the Baghdadi Jewish Press5 Financial Support and Philanthropy6 Social Status and Mitigating Poverty7 Changes in the Baghdadi World, 1941 to 19518 Conclusions: Lasting Influences in Baghdad3 Transnational Jewish Philanthropy1 Foreign Partners2 Communal Budgets: A Mosaic of Actors3 Conclusions: Philanthropic Diversity and Continuity4 Jewish Education in Iraq1 The Development of the Jewish School Network2 Modern Jewish Schools3 Curriculum: Multilingualism and Modernity4 Linguistic Creativity and Cultural Diversity5 Conclusions5 Twentieth-Century Networks1 Theosophy: Challenging Rabbinic Hegemony2 E. Levy: Zionism, Foreign Press, and Censorship3 Ibrahim Nahum: The Kadoorie Agent in Baghdad4 Conclusions: Multiple Networks and ConnectionsConclusion 2151 English and French as Transnational Jewish Languages2 A Transnational Identity: The Baghdadi Community3 The Emergence of New Jewish IdentitiesAppendix A: List of Jewish Communal Organizations and AssociationsAppendix B: Baghdadi Population EstimatesAppendix C: Ibrahim Nahum’s Letter to the Kadoorie Family, December 25, 1934BibliographyIndex

S.R. Goldstein-Sabbah, Ph.D. (2019), Leiden University. She has contributed to and edited numerous works on Middle Eastern and Northern African Jewry, including Modernity, Minority, and the Public Sphere: Jews and Christians in the Middle East (Brill, 2016).

• AcknowledgementsList of Figures and TablesAbbreviationsTransliteration NotesIntroduction1 Scholarship on the Jews of Iraq2 Methods and Sources3 Jewish Transnational Networks: Modernization, Globalization, and Secularization4 The Jewish Communal Organization in Iraq5 Outline1 Nineteenth-Century Network and Connections1 Secular Jewish Identity and Transnational Jewish Solidarity2 Economic and Political Reforms3 Nineteenth-Century European Influence: Iterations of Enlightenment4 The Lay Council: Structural and Intellectual Forces of Modernity5 Conclusions: Nineteenth-Century Networks and Innovations2 Transnational Networks and the Baghdadi Diaspora1 The Satellite Communities as a Baghdadi Diaspora2 Historical Background3 The Baghdadi Diaspora and Its Connection with Baghdad4 Language Use and the Baghdadi Jewish Press5 Financial Support and Philanthropy6 Social Status and Mitigating Poverty7 Changes in the Baghdadi World, 1941 to 19518 Conclusions: Lasting Influences in Baghdad3 Transnational Jewish Philanthropy1 Foreign Partners2 Communal Budgets: A Mosaic of Actors3 Conclusions: Philanthropic Diversity and Continuity4 Jewish Education in Iraq1 The Development of the Jewish School Network2 Modern Jewish Schools3 Curriculum: Multilingualism and Modernity4 Linguistic Creativity and Cultural Diversity5 Conclusions5 Twentieth-Century Networks1 Theosophy: Challenging Rabbinic Hegemony2 E. Levy: Zionism, Foreign Press, and Censorship3 Ibrahim Nahum: The Kadoorie Agent in Baghdad4 Conclusions: Multiple Networks and ConnectionsConclusion 2151 English and French as Transnational Jewish Languages2 A Transnational Identity: The Baghdadi Community3 The Emergence of New Jewish IdentitiesAppendix A: List of Jewish Communal Organizations and AssociationsAppendix B: Baghdadi Population EstimatesAppendix C: Ibrahim Nahum’s Letter to the Kadoorie Family, December 25, 1934BibliographyIndex

S.R. Goldstein-Sabbah, Ph.D. (2019), Leiden University. She has contributed to and edited numerous works on Middle Eastern and Northern African Jewry, including Modernity, Minority, and the Public Sphere: Jews and Christians in the Middle East (Brill, 2016).

• AcknowledgementsList of Figures and TablesAbbreviationsTransliteration NotesIntroduction1 Scholarship on the Jews of Iraq2 Methods and Sources3 Jewish Transnational Networks: Modernization, Globalization, and Secularization4 The Jewish Communal Organization in Iraq5 Outline1 Nineteenth-Century Network and Connections1 Secular Jewish Identity and Transnational Jewish Solidarity2 Economic and Political Reforms3 Nineteenth-Century European Influence: Iterations of Enlightenment4 The Lay Council: Structural and Intellectual Forces of Modernity5 Conclusions: Nineteenth-Century Networks and Innovations2 Transnational Networks and the Baghdadi Diaspora1 The Satellite Communities as a Baghdadi Diaspora2 Historical Background3 The Baghdadi Diaspora and Its Connection with Baghdad4 Language Use and the Baghdadi Jewish Press5 Financial Support and Philanthropy6 Social Status and Mitigating Poverty7 Changes in the Baghdadi World, 1941 to 19518 Conclusions: Lasting Influences in Baghdad3 Transnational Jewish Philanthropy1 Foreign Partners2 Communal Budgets: A Mosaic of Actors3 Conclusions: Philanthropic Diversity and Continuity4 Jewish Education in Iraq1 The Development of the Jewish School Network2 Modern Jewish Schools3 Curriculum: Multilingualism and Modernity4 Linguistic Creativity and Cultural Diversity5 Conclusions5 Twentieth-Century Networks1 Theosophy: Challenging Rabbinic Hegemony2 E. Levy: Zionism, Foreign Press, and Censorship3 Ibrahim Nahum: The Kadoorie Agent in Baghdad4 Conclusions: Multiple Networks and ConnectionsConclusion 2151 English and French as Transnational Jewish Languages2 A Transnational Identity: The Baghdadi Community3 The Emergence of New Jewish IdentitiesAppendix A: List of Jewish Communal Organizations and AssociationsAppendix B: Baghdadi Population EstimatesAppendix C: Ibrahim Nahum’s Letter to the Kadoorie Family, December 25, 1934BibliographyIndex