Jean-Dominique Barthélemy was a Dominican priest and biblical scholar. He was Professor of Old Testament at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, 1957–1991. He published a selection of Dead Sea Scrolls and worked on the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project.Lieutenant-Colonel (Retired) Ron Bell is a PhD candidate at McMaster Divinity College. He holds BA and MA degrees from Providence College and Theological Seminary. He studied at the University of Manitoba, Toronto School of Theology, Queen’s University, and Dalhousie University.

• Foreword to the English EditionIntroduction1 Manner of CitationPart 1: Characteristics of the καίγε Group1 Akiva’s Hermeneutic and Its Influence on Aquila1 Comparison of Akiva’s Hermeneutic with That of Ishmael ben Elisha2 Exegesis of the Particles of Inclusion3 Translation of אֵת by Aquila4 The “Septuagint” of Ecclesiastes2 Specific Translations of גַּם in the Greek Bible1 Aquila and the “Septuagint” of Ecclesiastes2 Lamentations, Song of Songs, Ruth3 Judges, Kingdoms4 Chronicles, Ezekiel, Psalms5 Nehemiah, Daniel, Job, Jeremiah6 Symmachus, Theodotion, Quinta7 The Extension of the καίγε Group3 Other Characteristics of the καίγε Group1 Elimination of “Each” (אִישׁ)2 “From Above” (מֵעַל)3 Etymological Translation of נצב־יצב4 Distinction between Horn and Trumpet5 Elimination of the Historic Present6 The Timelessness of the Negation of Existence7 “Me” or “It is Me” (אָנֹכִי)?8 “Towards” (לִקְרַאת)4 Aquila Perfects the Work of the καίγε Group1 Translation of גְּדוּד2 Translation of יהוה צְבָאוֹת3 Translation of אֵל4 Translation of נֶגֶד5 Translation of עַל־כֵּן and עַל־זֹאת6 Translation of לְעֹלָם7 Translation of הוׄי8 Translation of אָסַף9 Translation of כֹּמֶר10 Translation of אֲפֵלָה11 Translation of חוּץ12 Translation of הָדָר and הֲדָרָהPart 2: Studies on Some Already-known Members of the καίγε Group1 Relationship between the Septuagint and the καίγε Recension for the βγ Section of Kingdoms1 Basic Identity between the Antiochian and the Palestinian Form of the Greek Text2 The Palestinian Form Essentially Differs by a Concern for Greater Fidelity to the Hebrew Text3 The Antiochene Form Cannot be Derived from the Palestinian Form through a Process of Degeneration4 Reciprocal Contamination of the Old Septuagint and the Palestinian Recension5 The So-called “Lucianic Recension”6 The So-called “Theodotion” of the βγ Section of Kingdoms7 Origen Substitutes the Palestinian Recension for the Old Greek8 Corollaries2 Who is Theodotion?1 Criticism of Epiphanius’s Testimony2 Indications of the Date of Theodotion3 Theodotion = Jonathan ben Uzziel4 The Scope of Theodotion’s Work3 The Translations of Ruth, Song of Songs, and LamentationsPart 3: A New Member of the καίγε Group: Greek Fragments of the Minor Prophets1 External Data1 Current State of the Fragments2 Original Condition of the Scroll3 Divisions in the Text4 The Two Handwritings2 Transcription of the Text of the Fragments3 Identification of the Text of the Fragments1 Comparison of R with the Septuagint2 Characteristics of the Work of R3 R belongs to the καίγε Group4 Relationship to the Text Cited by Justin1 Justin, the Jews, and the Septuagint2 Justin Cited R3 Other Citations from the Minor Prophets in Justin’s Dialogue5 Relationship to the Quinta1 Witnesses to the Text of Jerome’s Commentary2 R and Specific Citations from the Quinta by Jerome3 R and Non-Specific Citations from the Quinta by Jerome4 Citation from the Quinta by Origen and the Text of Justin5 Other Citations from the Quinta by Jerome6 Relationship to the Old Coptic Versions1 R Explains the Hebraisms of these Versions2 Relationship of Coptic Hebraisms to the Quinta3 Relationship of Coptic Hebraisms to the Biblical Text of Justin7 Relationship to the Washington Manuscript V1 Hebraisms of the First and Second Hands2 The Source of the Original Hebraisms of W3 The Hebraisms of the Third Hand8 Relationship to Aquila1 Aquila Is Closer to R than to “Theodotion”2 Aquila Ignores the Unrecensed Septuagint3 The Strong Dependence That Links Aquila to R9 The “Theodotion” Recension of the Twelve Prophets1 Witnesses of “Theodotion” for the Twelve Prophets2 The Transcription of the Divine Names3 “Theodotion” Depends on the Other Hexaplaric Versions4 The Disdain of “Theodotion” for Literalism5 “Theodotion” Knows the Unrecensed Septuagint and the Hebrew6 Literalism from Borrowing7 The Pseudepigraphy of “Theodotion”10 Relationship to Symmachus1 Symmachus Knew R and the Hebrew2 Symmachus Seems to Ignore the Unrecensed Septuagint3 Symmachus Seems to Ignore Aquila11 The Place of R in the Greek Textual Tradition of the Twelve Prophets12 ConclusionFinal NoteBibliographyIndex of Modern Authors

Jean-Dominique Barthélemy was a Dominican priest and biblical scholar. He was Professor of Old Testament at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, 1957–1991. He published a selection of Dead Sea Scrolls and worked on the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project.Lieutenant-Colonel (Retired) Ron Bell is a PhD candidate at McMaster Divinity College. He holds BA and MA degrees from Providence College and Theological Seminary. He studied at the University of Manitoba, Toronto School of Theology, Queen’s University, and Dalhousie University.

• Foreword to the English EditionIntroduction1 Manner of CitationPart 1: Characteristics of the καίγε Group1 Akiva’s Hermeneutic and Its Influence on Aquila1 Comparison of Akiva’s Hermeneutic with That of Ishmael ben Elisha2 Exegesis of the Particles of Inclusion3 Translation of אֵת by Aquila4 The “Septuagint” of Ecclesiastes2 Specific Translations of גַּם in the Greek Bible1 Aquila and the “Septuagint” of Ecclesiastes2 Lamentations, Song of Songs, Ruth3 Judges, Kingdoms4 Chronicles, Ezekiel, Psalms5 Nehemiah, Daniel, Job, Jeremiah6 Symmachus, Theodotion, Quinta7 The Extension of the καίγε Group3 Other Characteristics of the καίγε Group1 Elimination of “Each” (אִישׁ)2 “From Above” (מֵעַל)3 Etymological Translation of נצב־יצב4 Distinction between Horn and Trumpet5 Elimination of the Historic Present6 The Timelessness of the Negation of Existence7 “Me” or “It is Me” (אָנֹכִי)?8 “Towards” (לִקְרַאת)4 Aquila Perfects the Work of the καίγε Group1 Translation of גְּדוּד2 Translation of יהוה צְבָאוֹת3 Translation of אֵל4 Translation of נֶגֶד5 Translation of עַל־כֵּן and עַל־זֹאת6 Translation of לְעֹלָם7 Translation of הוׄי8 Translation of אָסַף9 Translation of כֹּמֶר10 Translation of אֲפֵלָה11 Translation of חוּץ12 Translation of הָדָר and הֲדָרָהPart 2: Studies on Some Already-known Members of the καίγε Group1 Relationship between the Septuagint and the καίγε Recension for the βγ Section of Kingdoms1 Basic Identity between the Antiochian and the Palestinian Form of the Greek Text2 The Palestinian Form Essentially Differs by a Concern for Greater Fidelity to the Hebrew Text3 The Antiochene Form Cannot be Derived from the Palestinian Form through a Process of Degeneration4 Reciprocal Contamination of the Old Septuagint and the Palestinian Recension5 The So-called “Lucianic Recension”6 The So-called “Theodotion” of the βγ Section of Kingdoms7 Origen Substitutes the Palestinian Recension for the Old Greek8 Corollaries2 Who is Theodotion?1 Criticism of Epiphanius’s Testimony2 Indications of the Date of Theodotion3 Theodotion = Jonathan ben Uzziel4 The Scope of Theodotion’s Work3 The Translations of Ruth, Song of Songs, and LamentationsPart 3: A New Member of the καίγε Group: Greek Fragments of the Minor Prophets1 External Data1 Current State of the Fragments2 Original Condition of the Scroll3 Divisions in the Text4 The Two Handwritings2 Transcription of the Text of the Fragments3 Identification of the Text of the Fragments1 Comparison of R with the Septuagint2 Characteristics of the Work of R3 R belongs to the καίγε Group4 Relationship to the Text Cited by Justin1 Justin, the Jews, and the Septuagint2 Justin Cited R3 Other Citations from the Minor Prophets in Justin’s Dialogue5 Relationship to the Quinta1 Witnesses to the Text of Jerome’s Commentary2 R and Specific Citations from the Quinta by Jerome3 R and Non-Specific Citations from the Quinta by Jerome4 Citation from the Quinta by Origen and the Text of Justin5 Other Citations from the Quinta by Jerome6 Relationship to the Old Coptic Versions1 R Explains the Hebraisms of these Versions2 Relationship of Coptic Hebraisms to the Quinta3 Relationship of Coptic Hebraisms to the Biblical Text of Justin7 Relationship to the Washington Manuscript V1 Hebraisms of the First and Second Hands2 The Source of the Original Hebraisms of W3 The Hebraisms of the Third Hand8 Relationship to Aquila1 Aquila Is Closer to R than to “Theodotion”2 Aquila Ignores the Unrecensed Septuagint3 The Strong Dependence That Links Aquila to R9 The “Theodotion” Recension of the Twelve Prophets1 Witnesses of “Theodotion” for the Twelve Prophets2 The Transcription of the Divine Names3 “Theodotion” Depends on the Other Hexaplaric Versions4 The Disdain of “Theodotion” for Literalism5 “Theodotion” Knows the Unrecensed Septuagint and the Hebrew6 Literalism from Borrowing7 The Pseudepigraphy of “Theodotion”10 Relationship to Symmachus1 Symmachus Knew R and the Hebrew2 Symmachus Seems to Ignore the Unrecensed Septuagint3 Symmachus Seems to Ignore Aquila11 The Place of R in the Greek Textual Tradition of the Twelve Prophets12 ConclusionFinal NoteBibliographyIndex of Modern Authors

Jean-Dominique Barthélemy was a Dominican priest and biblical scholar. He was Professor of Old Testament at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, 1957–1991. He published a selection of Dead Sea Scrolls and worked on the Hebrew Old Testament Text Project.Lieutenant-Colonel (Retired) Ron Bell is a PhD candidate at McMaster Divinity College. He holds BA and MA degrees from Providence College and Theological Seminary. He studied at the University of Manitoba, Toronto School of Theology, Queen’s University, and Dalhousie University.

• Foreword to the English EditionIntroduction1 Manner of CitationPart 1: Characteristics of the καίγε Group1 Akiva’s Hermeneutic and Its Influence on Aquila1 Comparison of Akiva’s Hermeneutic with That of Ishmael ben Elisha2 Exegesis of the Particles of Inclusion3 Translation of אֵת by Aquila4 The “Septuagint” of Ecclesiastes2 Specific Translations of גַּם in the Greek Bible1 Aquila and the “Septuagint” of Ecclesiastes2 Lamentations, Song of Songs, Ruth3 Judges, Kingdoms4 Chronicles, Ezekiel, Psalms5 Nehemiah, Daniel, Job, Jeremiah6 Symmachus, Theodotion, Quinta7 The Extension of the καίγε Group3 Other Characteristics of the καίγε Group1 Elimination of “Each” (אִישׁ)2 “From Above” (מֵעַל)3 Etymological Translation of נצב־יצב4 Distinction between Horn and Trumpet5 Elimination of the Historic Present6 The Timelessness of the Negation of Existence7 “Me” or “It is Me” (אָנֹכִי)?8 “Towards” (לִקְרַאת)4 Aquila Perfects the Work of the καίγε Group1 Translation of גְּדוּד2 Translation of יהוה צְבָאוֹת3 Translation of אֵל4 Translation of נֶגֶד5 Translation of עַל־כֵּן and עַל־זֹאת6 Translation of לְעֹלָם7 Translation of הוׄי8 Translation of אָסַף9 Translation of כֹּמֶר10 Translation of אֲפֵלָה11 Translation of חוּץ12 Translation of הָדָר and הֲדָרָהPart 2: Studies on Some Already-known Members of the καίγε Group1 Relationship between the Septuagint and the καίγε Recension for the βγ Section of Kingdoms1 Basic Identity between the Antiochian and the Palestinian Form of the Greek Text2 The Palestinian Form Essentially Differs by a Concern for Greater Fidelity to the Hebrew Text3 The Antiochene Form Cannot be Derived from the Palestinian Form through a Process of Degeneration4 Reciprocal Contamination of the Old Septuagint and the Palestinian Recension5 The So-called “Lucianic Recension”6 The So-called “Theodotion” of the βγ Section of Kingdoms7 Origen Substitutes the Palestinian Recension for the Old Greek8 Corollaries2 Who is Theodotion?1 Criticism of Epiphanius’s Testimony2 Indications of the Date of Theodotion3 Theodotion = Jonathan ben Uzziel4 The Scope of Theodotion’s Work3 The Translations of Ruth, Song of Songs, and LamentationsPart 3: A New Member of the καίγε Group: Greek Fragments of the Minor Prophets1 External Data1 Current State of the Fragments2 Original Condition of the Scroll3 Divisions in the Text4 The Two Handwritings2 Transcription of the Text of the Fragments3 Identification of the Text of the Fragments1 Comparison of R with the Septuagint2 Characteristics of the Work of R3 R belongs to the καίγε Group4 Relationship to the Text Cited by Justin1 Justin, the Jews, and the Septuagint2 Justin Cited R3 Other Citations from the Minor Prophets in Justin’s Dialogue5 Relationship to the Quinta1 Witnesses to the Text of Jerome’s Commentary2 R and Specific Citations from the Quinta by Jerome3 R and Non-Specific Citations from the Quinta by Jerome4 Citation from the Quinta by Origen and the Text of Justin5 Other Citations from the Quinta by Jerome6 Relationship to the Old Coptic Versions1 R Explains the Hebraisms of these Versions2 Relationship of Coptic Hebraisms to the Quinta3 Relationship of Coptic Hebraisms to the Biblical Text of Justin7 Relationship to the Washington Manuscript V1 Hebraisms of the First and Second Hands2 The Source of the Original Hebraisms of W3 The Hebraisms of the Third Hand8 Relationship to Aquila1 Aquila Is Closer to R than to “Theodotion”2 Aquila Ignores the Unrecensed Septuagint3 The Strong Dependence That Links Aquila to R9 The “Theodotion” Recension of the Twelve Prophets1 Witnesses of “Theodotion” for the Twelve Prophets2 The Transcription of the Divine Names3 “Theodotion” Depends on the Other Hexaplaric Versions4 The Disdain of “Theodotion” for Literalism5 “Theodotion” Knows the Unrecensed Septuagint and the Hebrew6 Literalism from Borrowing7 The Pseudepigraphy of “Theodotion”10 Relationship to Symmachus1 Symmachus Knew R and the Hebrew2 Symmachus Seems to Ignore the Unrecensed Septuagint3 Symmachus Seems to Ignore Aquila11 The Place of R in the Greek Textual Tradition of the Twelve Prophets12 ConclusionFinal NoteBibliographyIndex of Modern Authors