Paula Tutty, Ph.D. (2019), University of Oslo, is a freelance researcher and a former Visiting Research Fellow in the UiO Department of Theology. Her publications include several articles on early Christianity and Nag Hammadi.

• PrefaceFiguresAbbreviationsPrologue: Searching for the Footprints1 Focus and Structure2 Turning to the Source Material3 Social Theories and Monks1 Background to the Letters1 Turning to the Letters2 Reviewing the Evidence3 Identifying Monastic Material—Problems and Solutions2 Fourth-century monasticism1 The Development of Monastic Terminology2 Christians as Individuals3 Types of Monastic Living4 Monastic Norms5 Monks and Deviancy6 Looking the part7 The Monks of the Letters8 Individual Lives3 The Monastic Landscape1 Late Antique Egypt—Geography2 Population Size3 The Location of the Monastic Community4 Evidence from the Find Site5 Internal Clues in the Letters6 Monasteries and their Material Remains7 The Local Pachomian Monasteries8 The Monasteries of the Western Desert9 Monastic Dwelling Places10 Pachomian Domestic Arrangements11 Evidence for Monastic Foodstuffs12 Jars and Storage13 Monasteries, Monastics and Books4 The Early Monastic Economy1 Monks and their Labours2 Weaving3 Property Ownership4 Gifts from Patrons5 Medicine and Ritual Texts6 Creating an Income7 Agricultural Work8 Monks as Scribes9 Monastic Trade and Travel10 Travels for the Sake of the Monastic Economy11 Economic Dealings in the Nag Hammadi Letters5 Egyptian Monasticism and its Social Context1 Power and Identity in Late Antique Egypt2 Social Networking in Egypt3 The World of the Fourth-Century Alopex Family4 Evidence from Chenoboskia5 Evidence in the NHC Letters6 Interconnections and Social Ties6 Monastic Travels1 Moving About in the Late Roman Empire2 Travel to and from the Monastery3 Monastic Tourism4 Monks on the move5 Authorised Travel6 Moving Away—Travel to the Edges of Egypt and Beyond7 Movement and Monastic Literature7 A Monastic Manuscript Culture1 Literacy in Early Monasteries2 Material Evidence for Monastic Literacy and Education3 Classical Education4 Language Choice in the Letters5 Codices as Material Artefacts6 The Books of Fourth- and Fifth-Century Monks7 Monastic Codices—the Archaeological Evidence8 Dating Codices9 Coptic Codices and their Owners10 Evidence for Book Ownership in the Cartonnage11 Monastic Book ProductionScriptoria12 Bookbinding13 Papyrus as a Commodity14 Scribes of the Nag Hammadi CodicesEpilogue: Footprints UncoveredAppendix1: Translations of Monastic and Christian letters from the Cartonnage MaterialBibliographyIndex

Paula Tutty, Ph.D. (2019), University of Oslo, is a freelance researcher and a former Visiting Research Fellow in the UiO Department of Theology. Her publications include several articles on early Christianity and Nag Hammadi.

• PrefaceFiguresAbbreviationsPrologue: Searching for the Footprints1 Focus and Structure2 Turning to the Source Material3 Social Theories and Monks1 Background to the Letters1 Turning to the Letters2 Reviewing the Evidence3 Identifying Monastic Material—Problems and Solutions2 Fourth-century monasticism1 The Development of Monastic Terminology2 Christians as Individuals3 Types of Monastic Living4 Monastic Norms5 Monks and Deviancy6 Looking the part7 The Monks of the Letters8 Individual Lives3 The Monastic Landscape1 Late Antique Egypt—Geography2 Population Size3 The Location of the Monastic Community4 Evidence from the Find Site5 Internal Clues in the Letters6 Monasteries and their Material Remains7 The Local Pachomian Monasteries8 The Monasteries of the Western Desert9 Monastic Dwelling Places10 Pachomian Domestic Arrangements11 Evidence for Monastic Foodstuffs12 Jars and Storage13 Monasteries, Monastics and Books4 The Early Monastic Economy1 Monks and their Labours2 Weaving3 Property Ownership4 Gifts from Patrons5 Medicine and Ritual Texts6 Creating an Income7 Agricultural Work8 Monks as Scribes9 Monastic Trade and Travel10 Travels for the Sake of the Monastic Economy11 Economic Dealings in the Nag Hammadi Letters5 Egyptian Monasticism and its Social Context1 Power and Identity in Late Antique Egypt2 Social Networking in Egypt3 The World of the Fourth-Century Alopex Family4 Evidence from Chenoboskia5 Evidence in the NHC Letters6 Interconnections and Social Ties6 Monastic Travels1 Moving About in the Late Roman Empire2 Travel to and from the Monastery3 Monastic Tourism4 Monks on the move5 Authorised Travel6 Moving Away—Travel to the Edges of Egypt and Beyond7 Movement and Monastic Literature7 A Monastic Manuscript Culture1 Literacy in Early Monasteries2 Material Evidence for Monastic Literacy and Education3 Classical Education4 Language Choice in the Letters5 Codices as Material Artefacts6 The Books of Fourth- and Fifth-Century Monks7 Monastic Codices—the Archaeological Evidence8 Dating Codices9 Coptic Codices and their Owners10 Evidence for Book Ownership in the Cartonnage11 Monastic Book ProductionScriptoria12 Bookbinding13 Papyrus as a Commodity14 Scribes of the Nag Hammadi CodicesEpilogue: Footprints UncoveredAppendix1: Translations of Monastic and Christian letters from the Cartonnage MaterialBibliographyIndex

Paula Tutty, Ph.D. (2019), University of Oslo, is a freelance researcher and a former Visiting Research Fellow in the UiO Department of Theology. Her publications include several articles on early Christianity and Nag Hammadi.

• PrefaceFiguresAbbreviationsPrologue: Searching for the Footprints1 Focus and Structure2 Turning to the Source Material3 Social Theories and Monks1 Background to the Letters1 Turning to the Letters2 Reviewing the Evidence3 Identifying Monastic Material—Problems and Solutions2 Fourth-century monasticism1 The Development of Monastic Terminology2 Christians as Individuals3 Types of Monastic Living4 Monastic Norms5 Monks and Deviancy6 Looking the part7 The Monks of the Letters8 Individual Lives3 The Monastic Landscape1 Late Antique Egypt—Geography2 Population Size3 The Location of the Monastic Community4 Evidence from the Find Site5 Internal Clues in the Letters6 Monasteries and their Material Remains7 The Local Pachomian Monasteries8 The Monasteries of the Western Desert9 Monastic Dwelling Places10 Pachomian Domestic Arrangements11 Evidence for Monastic Foodstuffs12 Jars and Storage13 Monasteries, Monastics and Books4 The Early Monastic Economy1 Monks and their Labours2 Weaving3 Property Ownership4 Gifts from Patrons5 Medicine and Ritual Texts6 Creating an Income7 Agricultural Work8 Monks as Scribes9 Monastic Trade and Travel10 Travels for the Sake of the Monastic Economy11 Economic Dealings in the Nag Hammadi Letters5 Egyptian Monasticism and its Social Context1 Power and Identity in Late Antique Egypt2 Social Networking in Egypt3 The World of the Fourth-Century Alopex Family4 Evidence from Chenoboskia5 Evidence in the NHC Letters6 Interconnections and Social Ties6 Monastic Travels1 Moving About in the Late Roman Empire2 Travel to and from the Monastery3 Monastic Tourism4 Monks on the move5 Authorised Travel6 Moving Away—Travel to the Edges of Egypt and Beyond7 Movement and Monastic Literature7 A Monastic Manuscript Culture1 Literacy in Early Monasteries2 Material Evidence for Monastic Literacy and Education3 Classical Education4 Language Choice in the Letters5 Codices as Material Artefacts6 The Books of Fourth- and Fifth-Century Monks7 Monastic Codices—the Archaeological Evidence8 Dating Codices9 Coptic Codices and their Owners10 Evidence for Book Ownership in the Cartonnage11 Monastic Book ProductionScriptoria12 Bookbinding13 Papyrus as a Commodity14 Scribes of the Nag Hammadi CodicesEpilogue: Footprints UncoveredAppendix1: Translations of Monastic and Christian letters from the Cartonnage MaterialBibliographyIndex