Extruder Principles and Operation

AvM.J. Stevens,J.A. Covas

Häftad, Engelska, 2012

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Beskrivning

This book is intended to fill a gap between the theoretical studies and the practical experience of the processor in the extrusion of thermoplastic polymers.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2012-10-26
Mått:155 x 235 x 28 mm
Vikt:768 g
Format:Häftad
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:494
Upplaga:2
Förlag:Springer
ISBN:9789401042475

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Innehållsförteckning

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Scope and limitations.- 1.2 Method.- 2 Practical extrusion processes and their requirements.- 2.1 Shaping processes and their requirements.- 2.2 Other applications and their requirements.- 3 Flow behaviour relevant to extrusion.- 3.1 Viscosity.- 3.2 Shear flow.- 3.3 Extensional flow.- 3.4 Elastic effects.- 3.5 Measurement of viscosity and elasticity.- 4 Thermal and energy properties in processing.- 4.1 Thermal properties.- 4.2 Thermal conduction.- 4.3 Non-isothermal flow and heat transfer.- 4.4 Mixing.- 5 Extrusion dies.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Factors influencing the performance of an extrusion die.- 5.3 Extrusion dies for some profiles.- 5.4 General principles of die design.- 5.5 Specific aspects of die design.- 5.6 Operational strategies for problem-solving.- 6 Principles of melt flow in single-screw extruders.- 6.1 Functions of the extruder.- 6.2 Derivation of flow equation.- 6.3 Leakage flow.- 6.4 Output equations and longitudinal pressure profiles for common screw types.- 6.5 Graphical representation of output for screw/die combinations, including venting.- 6.6 Output corrections.- 6.7 Pseudoplastic flow.- 6.8 Non-isothermal flow.- 7 Solids conveying and melting in single-screw extruders.- 7.1 The relevance of solids conveying and melting.- 7.2 Phenomenological description of solids conveying and melting.- 7.3 Theoretical analysis.- 8 Principles of energy balance.- 8.1 Energy balance and efficiency.- 8.2 Power consumption in the screw: Newtonian isothermal case.- 8.3 Pseudoplastic isothermal approximation.- 8.4 Power in non-isothermal flow.- 8.5 Effect of variables on energy balance.- 9 Operation of single-screw extruders.- 9.1 Overall performance of the screw.- 9.2 Effects of controlled variables.- 9.3 Polymer properties.- 9.4 Screw design.-9.5 Operational strategies.- 10 Twin-screw extruders.- 10.1 Non-intermeshing screws.- 10.2 Partial intermeshing.- 10.3 Full intermeshing: counterrotation.- 10.4 Full intermeshing: corotation.- 10.5 Comparison of machine types.- 11 Extruder operation as part of a total process.- 11.1 Quality.- 11.2 Stability.- 11.3 Shear history.- 11.4 Control.- 11.5 Scale-up.- 12 Practical extruder operation.- 12.1 Steady operation.- 12.2 Colour and grade changing.- 12.3 Start-up and shut-down.- 12.4 Dismantling and cleaning.- 12.5 Waste recovery.- 13 Application to the individual machine.- Appendices.- A Properties of polymers for heat and flow.- B Derivations of flow and pressure.- B.l Alternative derivation of flow equation.- B.2 Estimation of leakage flows.- B.3 Longitudinal pressure profiles.- B.4 Pressure gradients in a stepped screw.- C Energy consumption and energy balance.- C.l Experimental determination of energy balance.- C.2 Derivation of power absorbed in screw.- C.3 Heat flows in melt pumping section.- C.4 Distribution of shear heating and transverse circulation.- C.5 Temperature variation in the flight clearance.- D Stability of melt pumping section.- E List of tables.- References.