Anne Raffin is an associate professor in the sociology department at the National University of Singapore. She specializes in historical sociology, focusing on French colonialism in Asia and its legacies. Her research has concentrated on French Indochina and colonial Pondicherry, India.

"Anne Raffin’s thoroughly researched and thoughtfully argued book treats citizenship less as a legal category than as a framework for making claims. More complicated than a dichotomy of French citizens and indigenous subjects, politics in French India entailed multisided mobilizations to preserve, reform, or overturn an unequal social order. Raffin raises basic questions about sovereignty, citizenship, and difference in a colonial situation that was both unique and a microcosm of empire."- Frederick Cooper, Professor at New York University

• List of Diagrams, Graphs, Images, Maps, and Tables Acknowledgements 1. Pondicherry in the French Empire during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Between Colonial Subjects and French Citizens I. Overview and General Concepts II. Analytical Framework 2. Contextualizing Pondicherry within the French Empire and the Indian Subcontinent I. Pondicherry within the French Empire II. Pondicherry within the Indian Subcontinent III. Pondicherry during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries 3. Inclusive and Exclusive Visions of Citizenship in French India I. Colonial Pondicherry and Its Entanglement with Imperial Citizenship II. The Topas, the Renouncers, and the Catholics III. Institutions IV. Conclusion 4. Education and Army Attempts to Institutionalize Republican Ideals in French India I. The State of Education in Pondicherry before the Third Republic Education in Third Republic Pondicherry: A Secular Primary Education for All III. Civic Education and the Language Policies IV. Hindrances to the Republican School Project: Race and Caste V. Hindrances to the Republican School Project: Gender Issues and Budget Constraints VI. The Armed Forces in Pondicherry VII. Military Laws, Citizenship, and Indochina VIII. Conclusion 5. The Art of Petitioning in a Colonial Setting I. Law, Order, and a Bureaucracy of Petitions II. A Deficient Electoral System III. Attempts to Prevent Electoral Frauds and Appeals on the Ground IV. Partisan Political Fraud Under the Three-List System (1884–1899) V. Partisan Political Fraud under The Two-List System (1900–1913) VI. Conclusion 6. From Electoral Politics to Expansion of Rights and National Independence I. What Conclusions Can We Draw from Republican Citizenship in Pondicherry? II. How Far Was the Civilizing Mission Applied? III. From Contestations to Nationalism and the Impact of British India IV. New Forms of Political Participation in a Comparative Perspective V. Situating Pondicherry within a Larger Theoretical Reflection on the Relationship between Empire and Citizenship Bibliography Index

Anne Raffin is an associate professor in the sociology department at the National University of Singapore. She specializes in historical sociology, focusing on French colonialism in Asia and its legacies. Her research has concentrated on French Indochina and colonial Pondicherry, India.

"Anne Raffin’s thoroughly researched and thoughtfully argued book treats citizenship less as a legal category than as a framework for making claims. More complicated than a dichotomy of French citizens and indigenous subjects, politics in French India entailed multisided mobilizations to preserve, reform, or overturn an unequal social order. Raffin raises basic questions about sovereignty, citizenship, and difference in a colonial situation that was both unique and a microcosm of empire."- Frederick Cooper, Professor at New York University

• List of Diagrams, Graphs, Images, Maps, and Tables Acknowledgements 1. Pondicherry in the French Empire during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Between Colonial Subjects and French Citizens I. Overview and General Concepts II. Analytical Framework 2. Contextualizing Pondicherry within the French Empire and the Indian Subcontinent I. Pondicherry within the French Empire II. Pondicherry within the Indian Subcontinent III. Pondicherry during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries 3. Inclusive and Exclusive Visions of Citizenship in French India I. Colonial Pondicherry and Its Entanglement with Imperial Citizenship II. The Topas, the Renouncers, and the Catholics III. Institutions IV. Conclusion 4. Education and Army Attempts to Institutionalize Republican Ideals in French India I. The State of Education in Pondicherry before the Third Republic Education in Third Republic Pondicherry: A Secular Primary Education for All III. Civic Education and the Language Policies IV. Hindrances to the Republican School Project: Race and Caste V. Hindrances to the Republican School Project: Gender Issues and Budget Constraints VI. The Armed Forces in Pondicherry VII. Military Laws, Citizenship, and Indochina VIII. Conclusion 5. The Art of Petitioning in a Colonial Setting I. Law, Order, and a Bureaucracy of Petitions II. A Deficient Electoral System III. Attempts to Prevent Electoral Frauds and Appeals on the Ground IV. Partisan Political Fraud Under the Three-List System (1884–1899) V. Partisan Political Fraud under The Two-List System (1900–1913) VI. Conclusion 6. From Electoral Politics to Expansion of Rights and National Independence I. What Conclusions Can We Draw from Republican Citizenship in Pondicherry? II. How Far Was the Civilizing Mission Applied? III. From Contestations to Nationalism and the Impact of British India IV. New Forms of Political Participation in a Comparative Perspective V. Situating Pondicherry within a Larger Theoretical Reflection on the Relationship between Empire and Citizenship Bibliography Index

Anne Raffin is an associate professor in the sociology department at the National University of Singapore. She specializes in historical sociology, focusing on French colonialism in Asia and its legacies. Her research has concentrated on French Indochina and colonial Pondicherry, India.

"Anne Raffin’s thoroughly researched and thoughtfully argued book treats citizenship less as a legal category than as a framework for making claims. More complicated than a dichotomy of French citizens and indigenous subjects, politics in French India entailed multisided mobilizations to preserve, reform, or overturn an unequal social order. Raffin raises basic questions about sovereignty, citizenship, and difference in a colonial situation that was both unique and a microcosm of empire."- Frederick Cooper, Professor at New York University

• List of Diagrams, Graphs, Images, Maps, and Tables Acknowledgements 1. Pondicherry in the French Empire during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Between Colonial Subjects and French Citizens I. Overview and General Concepts II. Analytical Framework 2. Contextualizing Pondicherry within the French Empire and the Indian Subcontinent I. Pondicherry within the French Empire II. Pondicherry within the Indian Subcontinent III. Pondicherry during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries 3. Inclusive and Exclusive Visions of Citizenship in French India I. Colonial Pondicherry and Its Entanglement with Imperial Citizenship II. The Topas, the Renouncers, and the Catholics III. Institutions IV. Conclusion 4. Education and Army Attempts to Institutionalize Republican Ideals in French India I. The State of Education in Pondicherry before the Third Republic Education in Third Republic Pondicherry: A Secular Primary Education for All III. Civic Education and the Language Policies IV. Hindrances to the Republican School Project: Race and Caste V. Hindrances to the Republican School Project: Gender Issues and Budget Constraints VI. The Armed Forces in Pondicherry VII. Military Laws, Citizenship, and Indochina VIII. Conclusion 5. The Art of Petitioning in a Colonial Setting I. Law, Order, and a Bureaucracy of Petitions II. A Deficient Electoral System III. Attempts to Prevent Electoral Frauds and Appeals on the Ground IV. Partisan Political Fraud Under the Three-List System (1884–1899) V. Partisan Political Fraud under The Two-List System (1900–1913) VI. Conclusion 6. From Electoral Politics to Expansion of Rights and National Independence I. What Conclusions Can We Draw from Republican Citizenship in Pondicherry? II. How Far Was the Civilizing Mission Applied? III. From Contestations to Nationalism and the Impact of British India IV. New Forms of Political Participation in a Comparative Perspective V. Situating Pondicherry within a Larger Theoretical Reflection on the Relationship between Empire and Citizenship Bibliography Index