This book provides a comprehensive and concise introduction of experiments on contemporary issues of language processing and the brain. It covers a wide range of neurolinguistic and neuroscience topics, including but not limited to word recognition, reading acquisition and dyslexia (in typically developed children, foreign language learners, and deaf people), comprehension of sentences and fictional narratives, the interplay of language processing/acquisition with other cognitive domains, and aging of language comprehension and Chinese reading. This book showcases the significance of empirical studies on language and cognitive processing, particularly those emerging from the Taiwan research community, to illuminate the intricate nature of the language faculty enabled by the sophisticated computations of the brain. This book informs readers of crucial issues in the neurolinguistic literature and advances in neuroimaging technology and provides perspectives inspired by evolution and neuroscience.