Africa 2025–2026

Lawrence R. Sullivan is a professor emeritus of political science, Adelphi University, and a co-editor and co-translator of Concise Encyclopedia of Green Technology in China (2023) Yangtze! Yangtze! (1989) and The River Dragon Has Come!: The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China’s Yangtze River and Its People (1998), both by Dai Qing.

• Africa TodayHistorical background (pre-colonial period)Prehistoric AfricaEarly Civilizations of the Nile Valley and the Mediterranean SeaThe Kingdom of EthiopiaThe Spread of IslamArabs and Traders in East AfricaThe Empires and Peoples of West AfricaPeoples of Central and Southern AfricaEuropean Discovery and ExplorationEarly Ethiopian-European ContactThe Arabs and Ottoman Turks in North AfricaEuropean Settlers in South AfricaThe Colonial PeriodThe Portuguese (about 1550)The British (about 1660)The French (about 1830)The Americans (1835, See Liberia)King Leopold II and the Belgians (1885)The Spanish (1885)The Germans (1885)The South Africans (1919)The Italians (1927)North AfricaAlgeriaEgyptLibyaMoroccoTunisiaWest AfricaBeninBurkina FasoCape VerdeCote d’IvoireGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauLiberiaMaliMauritaniaNigerNigeriaSenegalSierra LeoneTogoCentral AfricaBurundiCameroonCentral African RepublicChadCongoDemocratic Republic of the CongoEquatorial GuineaGabonRwanaSao Tome and PrincipeEast AfricaDjiboutiEritreaEthiopiaKenyaSomaliaThe Republic of South SudanThe Republic of the SudanTanzaniaUgandaIndian Ocean Island NationsComorosMadagascarMauritiusSeychellesSouthern AfricaAngolaBotswanaLesothoMalawiMozambiqueNamibiaSouth AfricaSwazilandZambiaZimbabweWeb sites and selected bibliography of key English language sourcesIndex