Milan Zafirovski is Professor of Sociology at the University of North Texas. He has published journal articles and monographs, including Identifying a Free Society and Capitalist Dictatorship: A Study of Its Social Systems, Dimensions, Forms and Indicators.

• List of Tables and FiguresIntroduction1 What Happened? Essential Elements of Fascism1 Extreme Conservatism1.1 Fascism as Conservative Totalitarianism1.2 Fascism as the Destination of Conservatism2 Extreme Anti-liberalism2.1 Fascism, Conservatism, and Liberalism2.2 Fascism versus Liberalism3 Extreme Anti-democracy4 Extreme Anti-secularism5 Extreme Irrationalism, Anti-rationalism, and Anti-progressivism6 Extreme Anti-egalitarianism, Anti-universalism, and Anti-cosmopolitanism7 Absolute Rule, Unconstrained Power, and All-Encompassing Domination8 Extreme Repression, Violence, and Terror9 Extreme Militarism, Offensive War, and Conquest10 Aggregate of Extreme Authoritarians Agents2 How Did It Happen? Syndromes of Fascism1 It Happens Here and Now: Fascism’s Return2 Syndrome 1: Fascism as Extreme Conservatism and Conservatism as Latent Fascism3 Syndrome 2: Fascism as Extreme Anti-liberalism4 Syndrome 3: Fascism as Extreme Anti-democracy5 Syndrome 4: Fascism as Extreme Anti-secularism6 Syndrome 5: Fascism as Extreme Irrationalism, Anti-rationalism, and Anti-progressivism7 Syndrome 6: Fascism as Extreme Anti-egalitarianism, Anti-universalism, and Anti-cosmopolitanism8 Syndrome 7: Fascism as Absolute Rule, Unconstrained Power, and All-Encompassing Domination9 Syndrome 8: Fascism as Extreme Repression, Violence, and Terror10 Syndrome 9: Fascism as Extreme Militarism, War, and Conquest11 Syndrome 10: Fascism as an Aggregate of Extreme Authoritarian Agents3 Why Did it Happen? Social Causes of Fascism1 Societal Causation of Fascism2 Conservatism as the Cause of Fascism3 Capitalism as the Cause of Fascism4 Religion as the Cause of Fascism5 Theocracy as the Cause of Fascism4 What Does Oppose It? Countervailing Social Forces to Fascism1 Counter-Fascist Social Forces2 Liberalism versus Fascism3 Democracy versus Fascism4 Secularism versus Fascism5 Rationalism and Progressivism versus Fascism6 Egalitarianism, Universalism, and Cosmopolitanism versus Fascism7 Pacifism versus Fascism8 Liberal Actors versus Fascism in America5 Index of Fascism1 A Composite Index of Fascism2 Indicators and Proxies of Fascism or Right-Wing Authoritarianism2.1 Political Indicators and Proxies2.2 Cultural Indicators and Proxies2.3 Economic Indicators and Proxies2.4 Civil-Society Indicators and Proxies2.5 Summary2.5.1 Political Indicators2.5.2 Cultural Indicators2.5.3 Economic Indicators2.5.4 Civil-Society Indicators3 Indexes of Fascism or Right-Wing Authoritarianism for oecd Countries4 AppendixConclusionReferencesIndex

Milan Zafirovski is Professor of Sociology at the University of North Texas. He has published journal articles and monographs, including Identifying a Free Society and Capitalist Dictatorship: A Study of Its Social Systems, Dimensions, Forms and Indicators.

• List of Tables and FiguresIntroduction1 What Happened? Essential Elements of Fascism1 Extreme Conservatism1.1 Fascism as Conservative Totalitarianism1.2 Fascism as the Destination of Conservatism2 Extreme Anti-liberalism2.1 Fascism, Conservatism, and Liberalism2.2 Fascism versus Liberalism3 Extreme Anti-democracy4 Extreme Anti-secularism5 Extreme Irrationalism, Anti-rationalism, and Anti-progressivism6 Extreme Anti-egalitarianism, Anti-universalism, and Anti-cosmopolitanism7 Absolute Rule, Unconstrained Power, and All-Encompassing Domination8 Extreme Repression, Violence, and Terror9 Extreme Militarism, Offensive War, and Conquest10 Aggregate of Extreme Authoritarians Agents2 How Did It Happen? Syndromes of Fascism1 It Happens Here and Now: Fascism’s Return2 Syndrome 1: Fascism as Extreme Conservatism and Conservatism as Latent Fascism3 Syndrome 2: Fascism as Extreme Anti-liberalism4 Syndrome 3: Fascism as Extreme Anti-democracy5 Syndrome 4: Fascism as Extreme Anti-secularism6 Syndrome 5: Fascism as Extreme Irrationalism, Anti-rationalism, and Anti-progressivism7 Syndrome 6: Fascism as Extreme Anti-egalitarianism, Anti-universalism, and Anti-cosmopolitanism8 Syndrome 7: Fascism as Absolute Rule, Unconstrained Power, and All-Encompassing Domination9 Syndrome 8: Fascism as Extreme Repression, Violence, and Terror10 Syndrome 9: Fascism as Extreme Militarism, War, and Conquest11 Syndrome 10: Fascism as an Aggregate of Extreme Authoritarian Agents3 Why Did it Happen? Social Causes of Fascism1 Societal Causation of Fascism2 Conservatism as the Cause of Fascism3 Capitalism as the Cause of Fascism4 Religion as the Cause of Fascism5 Theocracy as the Cause of Fascism4 What Does Oppose It? Countervailing Social Forces to Fascism1 Counter-Fascist Social Forces2 Liberalism versus Fascism3 Democracy versus Fascism4 Secularism versus Fascism5 Rationalism and Progressivism versus Fascism6 Egalitarianism, Universalism, and Cosmopolitanism versus Fascism7 Pacifism versus Fascism8 Liberal Actors versus Fascism in America5 Index of Fascism1 A Composite Index of Fascism2 Indicators and Proxies of Fascism or Right-Wing Authoritarianism2.1 Political Indicators and Proxies2.2 Cultural Indicators and Proxies2.3 Economic Indicators and Proxies2.4 Civil-Society Indicators and Proxies2.5 Summary2.5.1 Political Indicators2.5.2 Cultural Indicators2.5.3 Economic Indicators2.5.4 Civil-Society Indicators3 Indexes of Fascism or Right-Wing Authoritarianism for oecd Countries4 AppendixConclusionReferencesIndex

Milan Zafirovski is Professor of Sociology at the University of North Texas. He has published journal articles and monographs, including Identifying a Free Society and Capitalist Dictatorship: A Study of Its Social Systems, Dimensions, Forms and Indicators.

• List of Tables and FiguresIntroduction1 What Happened? Essential Elements of Fascism1 Extreme Conservatism1.1 Fascism as Conservative Totalitarianism1.2 Fascism as the Destination of Conservatism2 Extreme Anti-liberalism2.1 Fascism, Conservatism, and Liberalism2.2 Fascism versus Liberalism3 Extreme Anti-democracy4 Extreme Anti-secularism5 Extreme Irrationalism, Anti-rationalism, and Anti-progressivism6 Extreme Anti-egalitarianism, Anti-universalism, and Anti-cosmopolitanism7 Absolute Rule, Unconstrained Power, and All-Encompassing Domination8 Extreme Repression, Violence, and Terror9 Extreme Militarism, Offensive War, and Conquest10 Aggregate of Extreme Authoritarians Agents2 How Did It Happen? Syndromes of Fascism1 It Happens Here and Now: Fascism’s Return2 Syndrome 1: Fascism as Extreme Conservatism and Conservatism as Latent Fascism3 Syndrome 2: Fascism as Extreme Anti-liberalism4 Syndrome 3: Fascism as Extreme Anti-democracy5 Syndrome 4: Fascism as Extreme Anti-secularism6 Syndrome 5: Fascism as Extreme Irrationalism, Anti-rationalism, and Anti-progressivism7 Syndrome 6: Fascism as Extreme Anti-egalitarianism, Anti-universalism, and Anti-cosmopolitanism8 Syndrome 7: Fascism as Absolute Rule, Unconstrained Power, and All-Encompassing Domination9 Syndrome 8: Fascism as Extreme Repression, Violence, and Terror10 Syndrome 9: Fascism as Extreme Militarism, War, and Conquest11 Syndrome 10: Fascism as an Aggregate of Extreme Authoritarian Agents3 Why Did it Happen? Social Causes of Fascism1 Societal Causation of Fascism2 Conservatism as the Cause of Fascism3 Capitalism as the Cause of Fascism4 Religion as the Cause of Fascism5 Theocracy as the Cause of Fascism4 What Does Oppose It? Countervailing Social Forces to Fascism1 Counter-Fascist Social Forces2 Liberalism versus Fascism3 Democracy versus Fascism4 Secularism versus Fascism5 Rationalism and Progressivism versus Fascism6 Egalitarianism, Universalism, and Cosmopolitanism versus Fascism7 Pacifism versus Fascism8 Liberal Actors versus Fascism in America5 Index of Fascism1 A Composite Index of Fascism2 Indicators and Proxies of Fascism or Right-Wing Authoritarianism2.1 Political Indicators and Proxies2.2 Cultural Indicators and Proxies2.3 Economic Indicators and Proxies2.4 Civil-Society Indicators and Proxies2.5 Summary2.5.1 Political Indicators2.5.2 Cultural Indicators2.5.3 Economic Indicators2.5.4 Civil-Society Indicators3 Indexes of Fascism or Right-Wing Authoritarianism for oecd Countries4 AppendixConclusionReferencesIndex