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A thought-provoking reconsideration of how the revolutionary movements of the 1970s set the mold for today's activism.The 1970s was a decade of "subversives". Faced with various progressive and revolutionary social movements, the forces of order--politicians, law enforcement, journalists, and conservative intellectuals--saw subversives everywhere. From indigenous peasant armies and gay liberation organizations, to anti-nuclear activists and Black liberation militants, subversives challenged authority, laid siege to the established order, and undermined time-honored ways of life. Every corner of the left was fertile ground for subversive elements, which the forces of order had to root out and destroy--a project they pursued with zeal and brutality. In The Subversive Seventies, Michael Hardt sets out to show that popular understandings of the political movements of the seventies--often seen as fractious, violent, and largely unsuccessful--are not just inaccurate, but foreclose valuable lessons for the political struggles of today. While many accounts of the 1970s have been written about the regimes of domination that emerged throughout the decade, Hardt approaches the subversive from the perspectives of those who sought to undermine the base of established authority and transform the fundamental structures of society. In so doing, he provides a novel account of the theoretical and practical projects of liberation that still speak to us today, too many of which have been all but forgotten. Departing from popular and scholarly accounts that focus on the social movements of the 1960s, Hardt argues that the 1970s offers an inspiring and useful guide for contemporary radical political thought and action. Although we can still learn much from the movements of the sixties, that decade's struggles for peace, justice, and freedom fundamentally marked the end of an era. The movements of the seventies, in contrast, responded directly to emerging neoliberal frameworks and other structures of power that continue to rule over us today. They identified and confronted political problems that remain central for us. The 1970s, in this sense, marks the beginning of our time. Looking at a wide range of movements around the globe, from the United States, to Guinea Bissau, South Korea, Chile, Turkey, and Italy, The Subversive Seventies provides a reassessment of the political action of the 1970s that sheds new light not only on our revolutionary past but also on what liberation can be and do today.

Imperialism as we knew it may be no more, but Empire is alive and well. It is, as Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri demonstrate in this bold work, the new political order of globalization. It is easy to recognize the contemporary economic, cultural, and legal transformations taking place across the globe but difficult to understand them. Hardt and Negri contend that they should be seen in line with our historical understanding of Empire as a universal order that accepts no boundaries or limits. Their book shows how this emerging Empire is fundamentally different from the imperialism of European dominance and capitalist expansion in previous eras. Rather, today’s Empire draws on elements of U.S. constitutionalism, with its tradition of hybrid identities and expanding frontiers.Empire identifies a radical shift in concepts that form the philosophical basis of modern politics, concepts such as sovereignty, nation, and people. Hardt and Negri link this philosophical transformation to cultural and economic changes in postmodern society—to new forms of racism, new conceptions of identity and difference, new networks of communication and control, and new paths of migration. They also show how the power of transnational corporations and the increasing predominance of postindustrial forms of labor and production help to define the new imperial global order.More than analysis, Empire is also an unabashedly utopian work of political philosophy, a new Communist Manifesto. Looking beyond the regimes of exploitation and control that characterize today’s world order, it seeks an alternative political paradigm—the basis for a truly democratic global society.

Världen befinner sig sedan en tid tillbaka i ett permanent krigstillstånd. Konstitutionella garantier och skyddsmekanismer sätts ur spel, medborgerliga rättigheter suspenderas och det politiska styret underordnas de militära behoven. Undantagstillståndet har blivit ordningen för dagen. I en sådan situation kan det förefalla hopplöst att ens drömma om verklig demokrati. Ändå är det just i detta läge som möjligheten av en demokrati i global skala börjar framträda på allvar. I Multituden fortsätter Michael Hardt och Antonio Negri den brett upplagda analys av samtidens politiska villkor som inleddes i deras mycket uppmärksammade bok Imperiet. Där föregångaren var fokuserad på de nya suveränitetsformer och maktstrukturer som framträder i och med globaliseringen, riktar denna uppföljare i stället sökarljuset mot motståndets möjligheter. De senaste årens politiska, ekonomiska och sociala utveckling har inte bara skapat nya hierarkier och dominansförhållanden, utan också öppnat möjligheter för ett radikalt alternativ till imperiets globala maktordning. Under det rådande krigstillståndets våld och förtyck gror ett okuvligt begär efter en demokratisk och fredlig värld. Multituden är namnet på den gränslösa kraft som bär upp detta projekt.

På en öde ö... Robinson följer med ett fartyg på en långresa för att uppleva spännande äventyr och bli rik. Spänning får han mer än nog av när en orkan sliter sönder fartyget och Robinson spolas upp på en öde ö som enda överlevande. Där måste han använda all sin uppfinningsrikedom för att klara sig. Och en dag gör han en fasansfull upptäckt på stranden… En av världens bästa klassiker återberättad på modernt språk och ett nytt och spännande sätt. Texten illustreras med inlagda serierutor.

Radiologi är en av de största kliniska specialiteterna inom sjukvården, med koppling till praktiskt taget alla övriga specialiteter. På senare tid har utvecklingen inom fältet varit enastående, både vad gäller teknik, kontrastmedel, minimalinvasiva behandlingsmetoder och digital bildhantering. Förutom att avbilda olika organs morfologi och funktion går det numera också att avbilda skeenden på cellulär och molekylär nivå, och ersätta och komplettera tvådimensionella bilder med tre­dimensionella och efterbearbetade bilder för att underlätta förståelse, kvantifiering och visualisering av sjukdomsprocesser i kroppen.För att på bästa sätt spegla denna utveckling består den nya upplagan av Radiologi av en fysisk bok som kombineras med en omfattande digital bilddatabas. Den innehåller drygt 1800 bilder och filmer, som på bästa sätt illustrerar de frågeställningar och problem som läkare kan tänkas stöta på i sin yrkesroll. Samtliga kapitel har också genomgått en omfattande revidering. Dessutom har interventionell radiologi getts utökat utrymme, och i ett separat kapitel beskrivs bifynd vid radiologi.Radiologi vänder sig främst till läkarstudenter och läkare. Men boken kan genom sin utformning, bland annat det stora antalet bilder med kommentarer, också användas av andra yrkeskategorier som är under utbildning eller verksamma inom sjukvården.

Rapporter om krigets grymhet och fasansfulla konsekvenser når oss nästan varje minut. Det offentliga samtalet i Sverige och Europa har de senaste åren handlat mer och mer om att till varje pris förbereda sig på krig. Men när kriget är som mest närvarande är det viktigare än någonsin att hålla samtalen om fred vid liv. I Fronesis nummer 84–85 tar vi ett steg tillbaka från dagspolitiken. Vi undersöker hur den breda vänstern har förstått fredens teori och praktik för att öppna för tankar, samtal och drömmar bortom den omedelbara vapenvilan. De tyska marxisterna Karl Liebknecht och Rosa Luxemburg ger sin syn på vänsterns fredsstiftande roll, och amerikanska fredsaktivisten Jane Addams beskriver känslan av att verka för fred när hela ens land rör sig i motsatt riktning. Historikern Fredrik Egefur sätter in historiska fredsrörelser i deras sammanhang och förklarar deras syn på sambandet mellan fred, antimilitarism och klasskamp. Fredsaktivisten Nela Porobić skriver om hur nyliberal ideologi format fredsbyggande och försvårat en hållbar och rättvis fred. Sociologen Måns Lundstedt pekar på hur förutsättningarna för att tala om fred i offentligheten försämrats i takt med att en alltmer statscentrerad och tillitslös politisk berättelse kommit att dominera den politiska mittfåran. Filosofen Michael Hardt och politiska teoretikern Sandro Mezzadra tecknar konturerna av en ”global krigsregim”, där ekonomiska och geopolitiska intressen samverkar för att göra kriget ständigt närvarande. Men kriget har alltid utmanats av rörelser och praktiker för fred. Historikern Jenny Gustafsson skildrar Världsmedborgarrörelsen, som under 1950-talet verkade för fred genom att vägra delta i nationalstatsprojektet. Fredsaktivisten Lina Hjärtström beskriver hur internationella kampanjer för humanitär nedrustning kan bryta ned militarismen genom att växla fokus från nationell till mänsklig säkerhet. Till slut diskuteras ickevåld i två texter. Statsvetaren Gene Sharp teoretiserar sambanden mellan makt, deltagande och motstånd. Retorikprofessorn Judith Butler nystar i begreppet ickevåld utifrån en diskussion om hur det våld som självförsvar rättfärdigar oundvikligen delar in människor i sörjbara och icke sörjbara.

An authoritative, up-to-date graduate textbook on machine learning that highlights its historical context and societal impactsPatterns, Predictions, and Actions introduces graduate students to the essentials of machine learning while offering invaluable perspective on its history and social implications. Beginning with the foundations of decision making, Moritz Hardt and Benjamin Recht explain how representation, optimization, and generalization are the constituents of supervised learning. They go on to provide self-contained discussions of causality, the practice of causal inference, sequential decision making, and reinforcement learning, equipping readers with the concepts and tools they need to assess the consequences that may arise from acting on statistical decisions.Provides a modern introduction to machine learning, showing how data patterns support predictions and consequential actionsPays special attention to societal impacts and fairness in decision makingTraces the development of machine learning from its origins to todayFeatures a novel chapter on machine learning benchmarks and datasetsInvites readers from all backgrounds, requiring some experience with probability, calculus, and linear algebraAn essential textbook for students and a guide for researchers

“Labor is the living, form-giving fire,” Marx wrote. “It is the transitoriness of things, their temporality, as their transformation by living time.” How is it, then, that labor, with all its life-affirming potential, has become the means of capitalist discipline, exploitation, and domination in modern society? The authors expose and pursue this paradox through a systematic analysis of the role of labor in the processes of capitalist production and in the establishment of capitalist legal and social institutions. Critiquing liberal and socialist notions of labor and institutional reform from a radical democratic perspective, Hardt and Negri challenge the state-form itself.In the twentieth century, labor has become central to the material and formal constitution of the State, as a complex nexus of value and right. And yet, in living labor and social cooperation, which cut across the divisions of workdays and wage relations, the authors identify a total critique of capitalist practice as well, presenting not only the negation of the present social order but also the affirmation of an alternative system of value, norms, and desires. The forms in which this potential is expressed, from the social movements of the 1960s to those of the 1990s, are the “prerequisites of communism” already existing in contemporary society.

In conflict-affected regions, delays in international response can have life or death consequences. The speed with which international organizations react to crises affects the prospects for communities to re-establish peace. Why then do some international organizations take longer than others to answer calls for intervention? To answer this question and explore options for reform, Time to React builds on contemporary scholarship with original data on response rates and interview evidence from 50 ambassadors across four leading organizations (AU, EU, OAS and OSCE). The explanation for variation in speed ultimately lies in core differences in institutional cultures across organizations. Although wealth and capabilities can strengthen a peace operation, it is the unspoken rules and social networks of peace and security committees at these organizations that dictate the pace with which an operation is established. This book offers a first analysis of the critical importance of and conditions shaping timeliness of crisis response by international organizations.

Errors in crisis management operations can have deadly consequences. Some international organizations take steps to reform, whereas other organizations tend to repeat the same errors. As budget cuts have led to increased turnover in personnel, how is it that international organizations have maintained any knowledge about past errors?This book introduces an argument for how and why international organizations develop institutional memory of strategic errors. As Heidi Hardt shows, formal learning processes -- such as lessons learned offices and databases - can ironically deter elite officials from using the processes to share their relevant knowledge. Elites have few professional incentives to report observed strategic errors. As a result, most memory-building occurs behind the scenes via informal processes. These informal processes include elites' use of transnational interpersonal networks, private documentation, and conversations during crisis management exercises. Such processes ensure that institutional memory develops, but they do so at a price: an organization's memory is vulnerable to knowledge loss if even one critical elite chooses to retire.Hardt tests her argument through extensive, original field research inside one of the world's largest crisis management organizations -- the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). She conducted interviews and a survey experiment with 120 NATO elites, including almost all NATO ambassadors and military representatives, all assistant secretary generals, and civilian and military leaders engaged in the decision-making and planning of operations. Her findings provide insights into NATO's institutional memory concerning three cases of crisis management in Afghanistan, Libya, and Ukraine. Ultimately, this book argues that formal learning processes alone are insufficient for an organization to capture knowledge, learn and change.

Errors in crisis management operations can have deadly consequences. Some international organizations take steps to reform, whereas other organizations tend to repeat the same errors. As budget cuts have led to increased turnover in personnel, how is it that international organizations have maintained any knowledge about past errors?This book introduces an argument for how and why international organizations develop institutional memory of strategic errors. As Heidi Hardt shows, formal learning processes -- such as lessons learned offices and databases - can ironically deter elite officials from using the processes to share their relevant knowledge. Elites have few professional incentives to report observed strategic errors. As a result, most memory-building occurs behind the scenes via informal processes. These informal processes include elites' use of transnational interpersonal networks, private documentation, and conversations during crisis management exercises. Such processes ensure that institutional memory develops, but they do so at a price: an organization's memory is vulnerable to knowledge loss if even one critical elite chooses to retire.Hardt tests her argument through extensive, original field research inside one of the world's largest crisis management organizations -- the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). She conducted interviews and a survey experiment with 120 NATO elites, including almost all NATO ambassadors and military representatives, all assistant secretary generals, and civilian and military leaders engaged in the decision-making and planning of operations. Her findings provide insights into NATO's institutional memory concerning three cases of crisis management in Afghanistan, Libya, and Ukraine. Ultimately, this book argues that formal learning processes alone are insufficient for an organization to capture knowledge, learn and change.

Each year a new eruption of "leaderless" social movements -- from North Africa and the Middle East to Europe, the Americas, and East Asia -- leaves journalists, political analysts, police forces, and governments disoriented and perplexed. Activists too struggle to understand and evaluate the power and effectiveness of horizontal movements. Why have the movements, which address the needs and desires of so many, not been able to achieve lasting change and create a new, more democratic and just society? Some people assume that if only social movements could find new leaders they would return to their earlier glory. Where, they ask, are the new Martin Luther Kings, Rudi Dutschkes, and Steven Bikos? Although today's leaderless and spontaneous political organizations are not sufficient, a return to traditional, centralized forms of political leadership is neither desirable nor possible. Necessary, instead, as Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri argue, is an inversion of the roles of the multitude and leadership in political organizations. Leaders should be confined to short-term, tactical action, while the multitude drives strategy. In other words, the formulation of long-term goals and objectives must come from the collective, rather than designated figureheads. Drawing on the ideas developed through their well-known Empire trilogy, Hardt and Negri have produced, in Assembly, a timely proposal for how current large-scale, horizontal movements can develop collectively the capacities for political strategy and decision-making to effect lasting and democratic change.

In recent years "leaderless" social movements have proliferated around the globe, from North Africa and the Middle East to Europe, the Americas, and East Asia. Some of these movements have led to impressive gains: the toppling of authoritarian leaders, the furthering of progressive policy, and checks on repressive state forces. They have also been, at times, derided by journalists and political analysts as disorganized and ineffectual, or suppressed by disoriented and perplexed police forces and governments who fail to effectively engage them. Activists, too, struggle to harness the potential of these horizontal movements. Why have the movements, which address the needs and desires of so many, not been able to achieve lasting change and create a new, more democratic and just society? Some people assume that if only social movements could find new leaders they would return to their earlier glory. Where, they ask, are the new Martin Luther Kings, Rudi Dutschkes, and Stephen Bikos? With the rise of right-wing political parties in many countries, the question of how to organize democratically and effectively has become increasingly urgent. Although today's leaderless political organizations are not sufficient, a return to traditional, centralized forms of political leadership is neither desirable nor possible. Instead, as Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri argue, familiar roles must be reversed: leaders should be responsible for short-term, tactical action, but it is the multitude that must drive strategy. In other words, if these new social movements are to achieve meaningful revolution, they must invent effective modes of assembly and decision-making structures that rely on the broadest democratic base. Drawing on ideas developed through their well-known Empire trilogy, Hardt and Negri have produced, in Assembly, a timely proposal for how current large-scale horizontal movements can develop the capacities for political strategy and decision-making to effect lasting and democratic change. We have not yet seen what is possible when the multitude assembles.

In conflict-affected regions, delays in international response can have life or death consequences. The speed with which international organizations react to crises affects the prospects for communities to re-establish peace. Why then do some international organizations take longer than others to answer calls for intervention? To answer this question and explore options for reform, Time to React builds on contemporary scholarship with original data on response rates and interview evidence from 50 ambassadors across four leading organizations (AU, EU, OAS and OSCE). The explanation for variation in speed ultimately lies in core differences in institutional cultures across organizations. Although wealth and capabilities can strengthen a peace operation, it is the unspoken rules and social networks of peace and security committees at these organizations that dictate the pace with which an operation is established. This book offers a first analysis of the critical importance of and conditions shaping timeliness of crisis response by international organizations.

Global theory represents an influential and popular means of understanding contemporary social and political phenomena. Human identity and social responsibilities are considered in a global context and in the light of a global human condition. A global perspective is assumed to be new and to supersede preceding social theory. However, if contemporary global theory is influential, its identity, assumptions and novelty are controversial. Global Theory from Kant to Hardt and Negri scrutinises global theory by examining how contemporary global theorists simultaneously draw upon and critique preceding modern theories. It re-thinks contemporary global ideas by relating them to the social thought of Kant, Hegel and Marx, and in so doing highlights divergent ambiguous aspects of contemporary global theories, as well as the continuing impact of the ideas of Kant, Hegel and Marx.

This book explores the imaginative construction of a cultural history of the media in a series of essays that draw on various artistic and intellectual narratives of Western societies and trace incidental encounters with the means of social communication in cultural and political settings.

The Asia-Pacific region has, in the eyes of most observers, the potential to become the engine of global economic growth in the 21st century. Whether it does will largely depend upon the willingness of the region's nations to pursue economic co-operation and peaceful reconciliation of differences. In this volume, scholars, policy experts, and repr

This book explores the imaginative construction of a cultural history of the media in a series of essays that draw on various artistic and intellectual narratives of Western societies and trace incidental encounters with the means of social communication in cultural and political settings.

This book is an outgrowth of a series of meetings held in Washington, D.C., in the spring and summer of 1989 under the auspices of The American Council on Asian and Pacific Affain, Inc. The Asia-Pacific region may become the engine of global economic growth as we move into the twenty-first century.

Microfluidic Technologies for Miniaturized Analysis Systems provides a comprehensive overview of the fluidic aspects of Lab-on-a-Chip technology. This book describes the most important and state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies and the underlying principles utilized in the implementation of fluidic protocols of miniaturized analysis systems. This book discusses many of the effects, outcomes, and techniques which are unique to microfluidic systems. The specific components of this technology toolbox are elucidated through research and examples presented by some of the most renowned experts in the field.Microfluidic Technologies for Miniaturized Analysis Systems is an important reference for professionals and academic researchers seeking information about the latest techniques, including:Control and pumping of small amounts of liquidParticle and cell manipulationMicromixingSeparation technologyBioanalytic methods About the MEMS Reference Shelf:The MEMS Reference Shelf is a series devoted to Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), which combine mechanical, optical, or fluidic elements on a common microfabricated substrate to create sensors, actuators, and microsystems. This series strives to provide a framework where basic principles, known methodologies, and new applications are integrated in a coherent and consistent manner.STEPHEN D. SENTURIA, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,PROFESSOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, EMERITUS

The development of communication studies has been a lively process of adoption and integration of theoretical constructs from Pragmatism, Critical Theory and Cultural Studies. Critical Communication Studies describes the intellectual and professional forces that have shaped research interests and formed alliances in the pursuit of particular goals.Hanno Hardt reflects on the need to come to terms with the role of history in academic work and locates the intellectual history within the context of competing social theories. The book provides a substantive foundation for understanding the field and will be a major text in all courses dealing with communication history and theory.

The American Journalism History Reader presents important primary texts—news articles and essays about journalism from all stages of the history of the American press—alongside key works of journalism history and criticism. The volume aims to place journalism history in its theoretical context, to familiarize the reader with essential works of, and about, journalism, and to chart the development of the field. The reader moves chronologically through American journalism history from the eighteenth-century to the present, combining classic sources and contemporary insights. Each century's section begins with a critical introduction, which establishes the social and political environment in which the media developed to highlight the ideological issues behind the historical period.

The American Journalism History Reader presents important primary texts—news articles and essays about journalism from all stages of the history of the American press—alongside key works of journalism history and criticism. The volume aims to place journalism history in its theoretical context, to familiarize the reader with essential works of, and about, journalism, and to chart the development of the field. The reader moves chronologically through American journalism history from the eighteenth-century to the present, combining classic sources and contemporary insights. Each century's section begins with a critical introduction, which establishes the social and political environment in which the media developed to highlight the ideological issues behind the historical period.

This 1989 collection of ten essays, originally published in 1989, by leading scholars of the time from five countries brings together some of the most important economic contributions to the Third World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies. First published at a time when the eastern bloc in general was confronting major economic problems, the essays in this volume combine both topicality and detailed scholarly analysis, addressing such significant topics as energy conservation, regional development and technological innovation. Although written primarily from an economic standpoint, both the approach and language used should be accessible to scholars in the related fields of politics and development studies, for whom the questions raised in this volume are likewise of great importance.

This 1989 collection of ten essays, originally published in 1989, by leading scholars of the time from five countries brings together some of the most important economic contributions to the Third World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies. First published at a time when the eastern bloc in general was confronting major economic problems, the essays in this volume combine both topicality and detailed scholarly analysis, addressing such significant topics as energy conservation, regional development and technological innovation. Although written primarily from an economic standpoint, both the approach and language used should be accessible to scholars in the related fields of politics and development studies, for whom the questions raised in this volume are likewise of great importance.

This book brings together key essays and excerpts from the broad spectrum of Frederic Jameson's writings, providing an accessible introduction to the intricacies of his thought and uncovering new and exciting aspects of his work.