Abraham Kandel – författare

Fuzzy set theory is a mathematical structure for representing uncertainty. Modern intelligent systems must combine knowledge based on techniques for gathering and processing information with methods of approximate reasoning. This enables an intelligent system to better emulate human decision-making in uncertain environments. Complimentary to the text is a software package containing executable FEST code. The text contains a detailed description of FEST and its coherent and systematic exploitation.

The field of "intelligent interfaces and systems" has witnessed a rapid growth during the last decade of the 20th century. An impressive number of papers, conference tutorials, and volumes have been devoted to the topic. In 1990, intelligent systems constituted a rather exotic topic and many were skeptical as to whether such systems would amount to more than a nice name. Nowadays, intelligent systems represent a powerful tool in many applications, in all industrial fields. Their development evolved on both the horizontal dimension, with a constantly increasing number of applications, and on the vertical dimension, by including more capabilities ranging from sensoric to neurofuzzy systems, intelligent agents, speech and image understanding, and decision-making in complex environments. Representing a comprehensive coverage of the field of intelligent systems and interfaces, this text includes information about fundamental aspects, software-, sensors-, and hardware-related issues.Moreover, the contributors to this volume offer, beyond a systematic overview of intelligent interfaces and systems, deep, practical knowledge in building and using intelligent systems in various applications. Special emphasis is placed on specific aspects and requirements in applications. The text is a tool for the scientific community in all areas of applied intelligent technologies. The chapters are written by a selected pool of experts in the field of intelligent systems. The contributors thoroughly review the state of the art, explain the problems to be addressed and show how these problems can be solved. Extensive references are included, offering the reader a perspective on the currently available literature and trends.

Fuzzy hardware developments have been a major force driving the applications of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic in both science and engineering. This volume provides the reader with a comprehensive look at works describing innovative developments of fuzzy hardware. An important research trend is the design of improved fuzzy hardware. There is an increasing interest in both analogue and digital implementations of fuzzy controllers in particular and fuzzy systems in general. Specialized analogue and digital VLSI implementations of fuzzy systems, in the form of dedicated architectures, aim at the highest implementation efficiency. This particular efficiency is asserted in terms of processing speed and silicon utilization. Processing speed in particular has caught the attention of developers of fuzzy hardware and researchers in the field.The volume includes detailed material on a variety of fuzzy hardware related topics such as: historical review of fuzzy hardware research; fuzzy hardware based on encoded trapezoids; pulse stream techniques for fuzzy hardware; hardware realization of fuzzy neural networks; design of analogue neuro-fuzzy systems in CMOS digital technologies; fuzzy controller synthesis method; automatic design of digital and analogue neuro-fuzzy controllers; electronic implementation of complex controllers; silicon compilation of fuzzy hardware systems; digital fuzzy hardware processing; parallel processor architecture for real-time fuzzy applications; and fuzzy cellular systems. Fuzzy hardware architectures and applications is a technical reference book for researchers, engineers and scientists interested in fuzzy systems in general and in building fuzzy systems in particular.

Hybrid architecture for intelligent systems is a new field of artificial intelligence concerned with the development of the next generation of intelligent systems. This volume is the first book to delineate current research interests in hybrid architectures for intelligent systems.The book is divided into two parts. The first part is devoted to the theory, methodologies, and algorithms of intelligent hybrid systems. The second part examines current applications of intelligent hybrid systems in areas such as data analysis, pattern classification and recognition, intelligent robot control, medical diagnosis, architecture, wastewater treatment, and flexible manufacturing systems.Hybrid Architectures for Intelligent Systems is an important reference for computer scientists and electrical engineers involved with artificial intelligence, neural networks, parallel processing, robotics, and systems architecture.

Fuzzy and Neuro-Fuzzy Systems in Medicineprovides a thorough review of state-of-the-art techniques and practices, defines and explains relevant problems, as well as provides solutions to these problems. After an introduction, the book progresses from one topic to another - with a linear development from fundamentals to applications.

Fuzzy and Neuro-Fuzzy Systems in Medicineprovides a thorough review of state-of-the-art techniques and practices, defines and explains relevant problems, as well as provides solutions to these problems. After an introduction, the book progresses from one topic to another - with a linear development from fundamentals to applications.

The volumes deal with the newly emerging field ofRisk and Hazard Assessment and its application to science and engineering. These volumes deal with issues such as short-and long-term hazards, setting priorities in safety, fault analysis for process plants, hazard identification and safety assessment of human- robot systems, plant fault diagnoses expert systems, knowledge based diagnostic systems, fault tree analysis, modelling of computer security systems for risk and reliability analysis, risk analysis of fatigue failure, fault evaluation of complex system, probabilistic risk analysis, and expert systems for fault detection. This volume will provide the reader not only with valuable conceptual and technical information but also with a better view of the field, its problems, accomplishments, and future potentials

The volumes deal with the newly emerging field ofRisk and Hazard Assessment and its application to science and engineering. These volumes deal with issues such as short-and long-term hazards, setting priorities in safety, fault analysis for process plants, hazard identification and safety assessment of human- robot systems, plant fault diagnoses expert systems, knowledge based diagnostic systems, fault tree analysis, modelling of computer security systems for risk and reliability analysis, risk analysis of fatigue failure, fault evaluation of complex system, probabilistic risk analysis, and expert systems for fault detection. This volume will provide the reader not only with valuable conceptual and technical information but also with a better view of the field, its problems, accomplishments, and future potentials

Fuzzy hardware developments have been a major force driving the applications of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic in both science and engineering. This volume provides the reader with a comprehensive up-to-date look at recent works describing new innovative developments of fuzzy hardware. An important research trend is the design of improved fuzzy hardware. There is an increasing interest in both analog and digital implementations of fuzzy controllers in particular and fuzzy systems in general. Specialized analog and digital VLSI implementations of fuzzy systems, in the form of dedicated architectures, aim at the highest implementation efficiency. This particular efficiency is asserted in terms of processing speed and silicon utilization. Processing speed in particular has caught the attention of developers of fuzzy hardware and researchers in the field. The volume includes detailed material on a variety of fuzzy hardware related topics such as: Historical review of fuzzy hardware research Fuzzy hardware based on encoded trapezoids Pulse stream techniques for fuzzy hardware Hardware realization of fuzzy neural networks Design of analog neuro-fuzzy systems in CMOS digital technologies Fuzzy controller synthesis method Automatic design of digital and analog neuro-fuzzy controllers Electronic implementation of complex controllers Silicon compilation of fuzzy hardware systems Digital fuzzy hardware processing Parallel processor architecture for real-time fuzzy applications Fuzzy cellular systems Fuzzy Hardware: Architectures and Applications is a technical reference book for researchers, engineers and scientists interested in fuzzy systems in general and in building fuzzy systems in particular.

The field of "intelligent interfaces and systems" has seen a fast growth last decade. An impressive number of papers, conference tutorials, and volumes were devoted to the topic. Ten years ago, intelligent systems constituted a rather exotic topic and many were skeptic that such systems amount to more than a nice name. Nowadays, intelligent systems represent a powerful tool in many applications, in all industrial fields. Their development evolved on both the horizontal dimension, with a constantly increasing number of applications, and on the vertical dimension, by including more capabilities going from sensoric to neurofuzzy systems, intelligent agents, speech and image understanding, and decision making in complex environments. The domain constituted by the intelligent systems is now too large to be covered in a single volume. Consequently, the Editors considered a balance between several selected sub-fields, to insure the unity of the volume, yet allowing a large enough horizon and a consistent understanding of the entire field, including real-life applications. The volume represents a comprehensive coverage of the field, including fundamental aspects, software-, sensors-, and hardware-related issues. Moreover, the contributors to this volume offer, beyond a systematic overview of intelligent interfaces and systems, deep, practical knowledge in building and using intelligent systems in various applications. A special emphasis is on specific aspects and requirements in applications. In addition, the second Editor proposes two chapters addressing the management of projects dealing with intelligent systems.

This book presents a comprehensive report on the evolution of Fuzzy Logic since its formulation in Lotfi Zadeh’s seminal paper on “fuzzy sets,” published in 1965.

This book presents a comprehensive report on the evolution of Fuzzy Logic since its formulation in Lotfi Zadeh’s seminal paper on “fuzzy sets,” published in 1965. In addition, it features a stimulating sampling from the broad field of research and development inspired by Zadeh’s paper. The chapters, written by pioneers and prominent scholars in the field, show how fuzzy sets have been successfully applied to artificial intelligence, control theory, inference, and reasoning. The book also reports on theoretical issues; features recent applications of Fuzzy Logic in the fields of neural networks, clustering, data mining and software testing; and highlights an important paradigm shift caused by Fuzzy Logic in the area of uncertainty management. Conceived by the editors as an academic celebration of the fifty years’ anniversary of the 1965 paper, this work is a must-have for students and researchers willing to get an inspiring picture of the potentialities, limitations, achievements and accomplishments of Fuzzy Logic-based systems.

Today, in the middle of the ?rst decade of the 21st century, the Internet has become a major communication medium, where virtually any kind of content can be transferred instantly and reliably between individual users and entire - ganizations located in any part of the globe. The World Wide Web (WWW) has a tremendous e?ect on our daily activities at work and at home. Consequently, more e?ective and e?cient methods and technologies are needed to make the most of the Web’s nearly unlimited potential. The new Web-related research directions include intelligent methods usually associated with the ?elds of c- putational intelligence, soft computing, and data mining. AWIC, the “Atlantic Web Intelligence Conferences” continue to be a forum for exchange of new ideas and novel practical solutions in this new and exciting area. The conference was born as an initiative of the WIC-Poland and the WIC- Spain Research Centers, both belonging to the Web Intelligence Consortium – WIC (http://wi-consortium.org/). Prior to this year, three AWIC conferences have been held: in Madrid, Spain (2003), in Cancun, Mexico (2004), and in L´ od´ z, Poland (2005). AWIC 2006 took place in Beer-Sheva, Israel during June 5–7, 2006, organized locally by Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. The book presents state-of-the-art developments in the ?eld of computati- ally intelligent methods applied to various aspects and ways of Web exploration.

Graph theory has strong historical roots in mathematics, especially in topology. Its birth is usually associated with the “four-color problem” posed by Francis Guthrie 1 in 1852, but its real origin probably goes back to the Seven Bridges of Konigsber ¨ g 2 problem proved by Leonhard Euler in 1736. A computational solution to these two completely different problems could be found after each problem was abstracted to the level of a graph model while ignoring such irrelevant details as country shapes or cross-river distances. In general, a graph is a nonempty set of points (vertices) and the most basic information preserved by any graph structure refers to adjacency relationships (edges) between some pairs of points. In the simplest graphs, edges do not have to hold any attributes, except their endpoints, but in more sophisticated graph structures, edges can be associated with a direction or assigned a label. Graph vertices can be labeled as well. A graph can be represented graphically as a drawing (vertex=dot,edge=arc),but,aslongaseverypairofadjacentpointsstaysconnected by the same edge, the graph vertices can be moved around on a drawing without changing the underlying graph structure. The expressive power of the graph models placing a special emphasis on c- nectivity between objects has made them the models of choice in chemistry, physics, biology, and other ?elds.

A sharp increase in the computing power of modern computers, accompanied by a decrease in the data storage costs, has triggered the development of extremely powerful algorithms that can analyze complex patterns in large amounts of data within a very short period of time. Consequently, it has become possible to apply pattern recognition techniques to new tasks characterized by tight real-time requirements (e.g., person identification) and/or high complexity of raw data (e.g., clustering trajectories of mobile objects). The main goal of this book is to cover some of the latest application domains of pattern recognition while presenting novel techniques that have been developed or customized in those domains.

WEB MINING Link Analysis Search Engines User’s Web Behavior HITS Algorithm Fuzzy Cognitive Map Radial Basis Function PageRank Algorithm Interior Point Method Fuzzy Bags Rgeression Models Rough Sets Information Theory Thisbookpresentsaspeci?cand uni?ed approach framework to three- jor components: Search Engines Performance, Link Analysis, and User’s Web Behavior. TheexplosivegrowthandthewidespreadaccessibilityoftheWWW has led to a surge of research activity in the area of information retrieval on VI Preface the WWW. The three aspects of web mining follow the taxonomy of the above diagram: Link Analysis, Search engines, and User’s web behavior are considered in the unifying approach. The book is organized in three sections as follows: 1. In section I of the book (chapters 2–4) we study Link Analysis within the hubs and authorities framework. Link Analysis is the science of hyperlink structures ranking, which are used to determine the relative authority of a Web page and produce improved algorithms for the ranking of Web search results. We use the HITS Algorithm developed by Kleinberg and we propose to study HITS in a 2-D new space: In-degree and Out Degree variables. After we categorize each web page into a speci?c toplogy we study the impact of each web topology on HITS in the new 2-D space. We describe why HITS does not fare well in almost all the di?erent topologies of web graphs. We also describe the PageRank Algorithm in this new 2-D space.

Today, in the middle of the ?rst decade of the 21st century, the Internet has become a major communication medium, where virtually any kind of content can be transferred instantly and reliably between individual users and entire - ganizations located in any part of the globe. The World Wide Web (WWW) has a tremendous e?ect on our daily activities at work and at home. Consequently, more e?ective and e?cient methods and technologies are needed to make the most of the Web’s nearly unlimited potential. The new Web-related research directions include intelligent methods usually associated with the ?elds of c- putational intelligence, soft computing, and data mining. AWIC, the “Atlantic Web Intelligence Conferences” continue to be a forum for exchange of new ideas and novel practical solutions in this new and exciting area. The conference was born as an initiative of the WIC-Poland and the WIC- Spain Research Centers, both belonging to the Web Intelligence Consortium – WIC (http://wi-consortium.org/). Prior to this year, three AWIC conferences have been held: in Madrid, Spain (2003), in Cancun, Mexico (2004), and in L´ od´ z, Poland (2005). AWIC 2006 took place in Beer-Sheva, Israel during June 5–7, 2006, organized locally by Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. The book presents state-of-the-art developments in the ?eld of computati- ally intelligent methods applied to various aspects and ways of Web exploration.

Graph theory has strong historical roots in mathematics, especially in topology. Its birth is usually associated with the “four-color problem” posed by Francis Guthrie 1 in 1852, but its real origin probably goes back to the Seven Bridges of Konigsber ¨ g 2 problem proved by Leonhard Euler in 1736. A computational solution to these two completely different problems could be found after each problem was abstracted to the level of a graph model while ignoring such irrelevant details as country shapes or cross-river distances. In general, a graph is a nonempty set of points (vertices) and the most basic information preserved by any graph structure refers to adjacency relationships (edges) between some pairs of points. In the simplest graphs, edges do not have to hold any attributes, except their endpoints, but in more sophisticated graph structures, edges can be associated with a direction or assigned a label. Graph vertices can be labeled as well. A graph can be represented graphically as a drawing (vertex=dot,edge=arc),but,aslongaseverypairofadjacentpointsstaysconnected by the same edge, the graph vertices can be moved around on a drawing without changing the underlying graph structure. The expressive power of the graph models placing a special emphasis on c- nectivity between objects has made them the models of choice in chemistry, physics, biology, and other ?elds.

A sharp increase in the computing power of modern computers, accompanied by a decrease in the data storage costs, has triggered the development of extremely powerful algorithms that can analyze complex patterns in large amounts of data within a very short period of time. Consequently, it has become possible to apply pattern recognition techniques to new tasks characterized by tight real-time requirements (e.g., person identification) and/or high complexity of raw data (e.g., clustering trajectories of mobile objects). The main goal of this book is to cover some of the latest application domains of pattern recognition while presenting novel techniques that have been developed or customized in those domains.

WEB MINING Link Analysis Search Engines User’s Web Behavior HITS Algorithm Fuzzy Cognitive Map Radial Basis Function PageRank Algorithm Interior Point Method Fuzzy Bags Rgeression Models Rough Sets Information Theory Thisbookpresentsaspeci?cand uni?ed approach framework to three- jor components: Search Engines Performance, Link Analysis, and User’s Web Behavior. TheexplosivegrowthandthewidespreadaccessibilityoftheWWW has led to a surge of research activity in the area of information retrieval on VI Preface the WWW. The three aspects of web mining follow the taxonomy of the above diagram: Link Analysis, Search engines, and User’s web behavior are considered in the unifying approach. The book is organized in three sections as follows: 1. In section I of the book (chapters 2–4) we study Link Analysis within the hubs and authorities framework. Link Analysis is the science of hyperlink structures ranking, which are used to determine the relative authority of a Web page and produce improved algorithms for the ranking of Web search results. We use the HITS Algorithm developed by Kleinberg and we propose to study HITS in a 2-D new space: In-degree and Out Degree variables. After we categorize each web page into a speci?c toplogy we study the impact of each web topology on HITS in the new 2-D space. We describe why HITS does not fare well in almost all the di?erent topologies of web graphs. We also describe the PageRank Algorithm in this new 2-D space.

Another Calculus book? As long as students find calculus scary, the failure rate in mathematics is higher than in all other subjects, and as long as most people mistakenly believe that only geniuses can learn and understand mathematics, there will always be room for a new book of Calculus. We call it Calculus Light.This book is designed for a one semester course in "light" calculus – mostly single variable, meant to be used by undergraduate students without a wide mathematical background and who do not major in mathematics but study subjects such as engineering, biology or management information systems. The first chapter contains a historical background of calculus. Every scientific achievement involves people and therefore characterized by victories and disappointments, intrigues and hope. All of these elements exist in the story behind calculus and when you add the time dimension, starting 2400 years ago, it is a saga. We hope the reader enjoys reading this chapter as much as we enjoyed the writing.In addition to classic calculus the book provides tools for practical applications such as Fourier series, Lagrange multipliers and elementary numerical methods.

Another Calculus book? As long as students find calculus scary, the failure rate in mathematics is higher than in all other subjects, and as long as most people mistakenly believe that only geniuses can learn and understand mathematics, there will always be room for a new book of Calculus. We call it Calculus Light.This book is designed for a one semester course in "light" calculus – mostly single variable, meant to be used by undergraduate students without a wide mathematical background and who do not major in mathematics but study subjects such as engineering, biology or management information systems. The first chapter contains a historical background of calculus. Every scientific achievement involves people and therefore characterized by victories and disappointments, intrigues and hope. All of these elements exist in the story behind calculus and when you add the time dimension, starting 2400 years ago, it is a saga. We hope the reader enjoys reading this chapter as much as we enjoyed the writing.In addition to classic calculus the book provides tools for practical applications such as Fourier series, Lagrange multipliers and elementary numerical methods.

The volume offers a comprehensive coverage of the recent advances in the application of soft computing and fuzzy logic theory to data mining and knowledge discovery databases. It focuses on some of the hardest, and yet unsolved, issues of data mining like understandability of patterns, finding complex relationships between attributes, handling missing and noisy data, mining very large datasets, change detection in time series, and integration of the discovery process with database management systems.

The book offers an overview of a large spectrum of implementations for the computational intelligence based on neuro-fuzzy and artificial approaches. The clear and concise explanations help the reader to understand the hardware implementation aspects of the new computational intelligence paradigms. The book will be of great value to researchers as well as to practicing engineers and scientists. Research students will receive an in-depth tutorial on the topics covered. The seasoned researcher will appreciate the implementations and the gold mine of other possibilities for novel research topics.

The volume offers a comprehensive coverage of the recent advances in the application of soft computing and fuzzy logic theory to data mining and knowledge discovery databases. It focuses on some of the hardest, and yet unsolved, issues of data mining like understandability of patterns, finding complex relationships between attributes, handling missing and noisy data, mining very large datasets, change detection in time series, and integration of the discovery process with database management systems.

Intelligent systems are now being used more commonly than in the past. These involve cognitive, evolving and artificial-life, robotic, and decision­ making systems, to name a few. Due to the tremendous speed of development, on both fundamental and technological levels, it is virtually impossible to offer an up-to-date, yet comprehensive overview of this field. Nevertheless, the need for a volume presenting recent developments and trends in this domain is huge, and the demand for such a volume is continually increasing in industrial and academic engineering 1 communities. Although there are a few volumes devoted to similar issues , none offer a comprehensive coverage of the field; moreover they risk rapidly becoming obsolete. The editors of this volume cannot pretend to fill such a large gap. However, it is the editors' intention to fill a significant part of this gap. A comprehensive coverage of the field should include topics such as neural networks, fuzzy systems, neuro-fuzzy systems, genetic algorithms, evolvable hardware, cellular automata-based systems, and various types of artificial life-system implementations, including autonomous robots. In this volume, we have focused on the first five topics listed above. The volume is composed of four parts, each part being divided into chapters, with the exception of part 4. In Part 1, the topics of "Evolvable Hardware and GAs" are addressed. In Chapter 1, "Automated Design Synthesis and Partitioning for Adaptive Reconfigurable Hardware", Ranga Vemuri and co-authors present state-of-the-art adaptive architectures, their classification, and their applications.

This text is intended for a first course in digital logic design, at the sophomore or junior level, for electrical engineering, computer engineering and computer science programs, as well as for a number of other disciplines such as physics and mathematics. The book can also be used for self-study or for review by practicing engineers and computer scientists not intimately familiar with the subject. After completing this text, the student should be prepared for a second (advanced) course in digital design, switching and automata theory, microprocessors or computer organization.