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Belkaoui offers a critical analysis of accounting and the societal problems the profession faces. The roles played by accountants and auditors, the standard-setting and oversight processes, the history, function, and current status of the discipline itself--all are treated systematically and with candor. Clarifying our understanding of what is wrong and what is right with accounting in the context of public interest, the author probes questions of public policy and shows where correction, standardization, and legislation are needed. He reviews solutions advanced by the courts, the Internal Revenue Service, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and researchers in other fields, then offers his own constructive suggestions.
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This professional book is designed for managers involved in the use of quantitative techniques to solve accounting-based problems. Belkaoui takes the reader in hand and carefully reviews the mathematical and statistical techniques needed to understand quantitative models, and then introduces those models of relevance to accounting areas of cost-volume-profit analysis, cost estimation, linear programming, cost control, inventory models, capital budgeting, and network analysis.
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In an important and innovative contribution to the scholarship of accounting theory, Ahmed Belkaoui presents new ways of thinking about the practices, problems, and directions of accounting. According to Belkaoui, researchers, practitioners, users, and students of accounting hold many different visions of the field, each the result of a conscious choice between alternative approaches, methodologies, images, structures, and paradigms. Here, Belkaoui offers a thorough, comprehensive examination of these various methods and techniques of accounting as well as an in-depth exploration of their philosophical determinants.
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Belkaoui examines several innovative forms of financial reporting and disclosure emerging in various countries and how they can hamper attempts to harmonize accounting standards internationally. Among these are value-added reporting, information for employees and unions, the impact of value-added taxation and cash flow reporting. He also tries to summarize recent developments in comparative management research and the impact it may have on practice. The author attempts to provide a broad overview of all of these topics, which should appeal to students and to accountants with an interest in the recent developments in international accounting. Journal of AccountancyThis volume thoroughly examines new devlopments in international accounting from economic and social, as well as from accounting viewpoints. It reflects the current tension between attempts at unification by international standard setters and the emergence of innovative forms of reporting, disclosure, and taxation, as various countries attempt to improve their reporting accuracy. The product of this tension is the gradual but steady emergence of new accounting, reporting, disclosure, and taxation techniques of importance to the accounting practices of every country in the international arena.
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This book is useful, readable and intelligent survey of the emerging field of behavioral accounting, a field that is doing much to narrow the gap between accounting and behavioral scholars and practitioners. Personnel Psychology The relatively new field of behavioral accounting relies on the application of behavioral concepts from the social sciences for an understanding of the forces that underlie the accounting environment. Here, Belkaoui presents the first comprehensive survey of behavioral accounting theories and findings, organizing them into a systematic framework for the further study of behavioral accounting issues and questions. The result is a new understanding of the behavioral environment of accounting and a guide to solving practical behavioral problems that result from the preparation and use of accounting information.As Belkaoui demonstrates, the quality of accounting information is often adversely affected by human perceptions, attitudes, predispositions, and other behavioral characteristics. Belkaoui fully explores the behavioral underpinnings of the problem by examining the behavioral dimensions of a wide range of accounting issues and practices including: contingency approaches to the design of accounting systems; functional and data fixation; the practice of slack; accounting and language; goal setting, participative budgeting and performance; the human resource considerations in public accounting firms; and, finally, cultural determinism in accounting. By offering both a realistic appraisal of the theories behind behavioral accounting and a cogent statement of the questions still left unanswered, Belkaoui makes a major contribution to the ongoing inquiry into the influence of behavioral factors on accounting practice.
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Ahmed Belkaoui focuses on the contributions human information processing research can make in the study of accounting decision-making. Both a review and synthesis of the current literature and a springboard for further research, Human Information Processing in Accounting explores the basic psychological concepts underlying human decision-making and their applications to accounting. As Belkaoui notes at the outset, accounting information is used primarily for decision-making. Human information processing in accounting is designed to understand, describe, evaluate, and--most importantly--improve the decision process used in an accounting or auditing context. Belkaoui's book provides accounting students and practitioners with the first comprehensive overview of the ways in which human information processing research has been used to study and enhance accounting decision-making.Divided into six parts, the volume begins by examining the policy-capturing process and the Brunswick Lens model used in this type of research. Subsequent chapters address the models of risky choice used to predict or describe how individuals make these types of choices, the application of probability elicitation and revision to accounting research and practice, the heuristics and biases individuals use to reduce complex cognitive processes to simpler judgmental operations, and the application of cognitive science to accounting. A number of chapters include appendices illustrating the type of accounting studies that exist for each of the human information processing paradigms presented. Taken as a whole, Belkaoui's work represents a pioneering attempt to focus and organize the field of human information processing in accounting.
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In this book, Belkaoui turns his attention to significant problems he sees facing the accounting profession as a whole and examines their effects on the way accounting is practiced, on accountants' clients, and on business in general. The problems derive, Belkaoui explains, from new developments in the accounting environment including the organizational climate in CPA firms and the rising incidence of fraudulent cases. Arguing that these problems, if not resolved, will lead to a crisis of confidence in accounting and increasing government regulation of the profession, Belkaoui both identifies their causes and proposes solutions to avert a crisis in the field.The book is divided into six chapters, each of which addresses a particular problem in contemporary accounting. Belkaoui begins by describing a new conflictual order in the accounting environment and goes on to examine particular conflicts generated by the profession's heavy reliance on credentialism, its role in the fragmentation of services in CPA firms, and its tenuous position in the courts. The following chapters show how the credibility of accounting has been shaken by fraudulent cases and explores ways in which the accounting work process has declined. Finally, Belkaoui explores problems associated with the high levels of job dissatisfaction and turnover in CPA firms and problems in the production of accounting knowledge. Students of accounting as well as practicing professionals will find both a sobering assessment of current accounting practices and an illuminating look at potential solutions.
Judgment in International Accounting
A Theory of Cognition, Cultures, Language, and Contracts
Inbunden, Engelska, 1990
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Belkaoui offers a thorough examination of the various factors that affect the judgment/decision process in an accounting setting. As the author notes at the outset, an appreciation of the various influences on accounting decisionmaking is of critical importance to users, preparers, and verifiers of accounting information--particularly in an era of multinational corporations and global markets. In order to explain the judgment process in accounting, Belkaoui proposes a new theoretical model which assumes both that a cognitive process guides judgments and decisionmaking in accounting and that the schemata underlying this process are shaped by the crucial factors of national culture, language, organizational culture, and contractual agreements. The author examines each of these influences in turn, offering a comprehensive guide to the practitioner and researcher seeking empirical hypotheses to explain the judgment process in the international accounting arena.The bulk of the volume is devoted to an in-depth examination of each of the five relativisms which affect the accounting judgment/decision process--cognitive, cultural, linguistic, organizational, and contractual. In each chapter, the author explores the theory and findings underlying these relativisms in the social sciences and their contribution to explaining the judgment/decision process in accounting. The final chapter synthesizes the preceding material and develops an international accounting theory based upon the judgment/decision model. Throughout, Belkaoui focuses on the complexity and richness of the judgment/decision process, cautioning that the evaluation of any accounting information must take into account the various critical influences on this process.
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As multinational firms struggle to compete in a global economy, their operating and accounting decisions are being made in an environment that's characterized by fluctuating exchange rates, innovative and flexible organizational structures, and a dynamic and diverse control strategy. As a result, managerial accounting techniques have to adapt to this unique environment by devising new ways to solve decision problems. This book explores the major issues that accountants in multinational corporations, and their outside consulting firms, must deal with if they are to understand how the corporation is performing financially, and if they are to effectively advise top management.To describe the specific environment of multinational management accounting and the particular accounting techniques required for efficient operation, Ahmed Belkaoui divides his study into four topical sections. The first offers an introductory overview of the new international business environment and the extent of financial engineering. Section two focuses on managing exchange rate risks, and covers such issues as the management of foreign exchange risk, the management of economic exposure, and the management of transaction exposure. Organization and controlling are detailed in section three, with separate chapters exploring the organizational structures and control of multinational operations and performance evaluation techniques. The final section examines management accounting issues, including international financial analysis, international capital budgeting, pricing strategies, the lease-or-buy decision, and advanced capital budgeting. This work will be an essential resource for accounting professionals working in multinational organizations and the international business environment, as well as for students in accounting and international business courses. Public, academic, and business libraries will all find it to be a valuable addition to their collections.
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Clearly organized and readable, this work is a good introduction to cost accounting for someone with little prior course work or experience in the field. Most chapters include a list of suggested readings. Good index. Most appropriate for community college or public library collections. ChoiceIn response to the expanding roles of accountants in all types of organizations, cost accounting is becoming increasingly multidimensional, relying not only on traditional accounting principles, but also on behavioral, organizational, decisional, and other foundations. These conceptual foundations and their applications to cost accounting practices form the basis of this handbook, which offers both accounting students and professionals a comprehensive review and interpretation of cost accounting techniques and theories. By treating both traditional and newer dimensions of the discipline, the book defines a new scope and boundary that presents cost accounting in a multidimensional framework.Ahmed Belkaoui presents his material from three different perspectives. First, he shows how the fields of cost accounting, economics, behavioral science, operations research, statistics, and mathematics provide the tools as well as the concepts necessary for the classification, accumulation, and reporting of relevant data for internal decision making and for the interpretation and evaluation of resulting decisions. Second, he demonstrates how standard cost accounting techniques can be complemented by other possible approaches to problems, stressing not only the descriptive but also the normative solutions to cost accounting problems. Finally, he examines how cost accounting techniques affect the planning and control of routine and nonroutine decisions, inventory valuation and income determination. Among the major new developments addressed are variance analysis, learning phenomena in cost estimation, flexible manufacturing systems, and behavioral considerations in cost allocation. This work will be especially valuable for professional accountants and graduate students preparing for an accounting career, and an important resource for academic and public libraries.
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Written for both corporate accountants and advanced students of accounting, this volume offers comprehensive coverage of multinational financial accounting issues. As Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui explains at the outset, multinational financial accounting is the branch of accounting developed to accommodate the specific international accounting needs of multinational corporations that are not met by their national accounting systems. Among the specific topics he addresses are the dimensions of multinational financial accounting, the efforts underway to harmonize international standards, the international environment within which multinational firms operate, and specific multinational financial accounting practices. Throughout, Riahi-Belkaoui emphasizes both theoretical concerns and practical solutions to multinational financial accounting problems.The book begins by describing the nature of the emerging global economy and the challenges it poses for accountancy. Subsequent chapters address accounting for foreign currency transactions, futures contracts, and other financial instruments; illustrate the management of translation exposure; and examine accounting for inflation proposals. Riahi-Belkaoui goes on to explore accounting for inflation internationally and includes a separate appendix of illustrative calculations to compute current cost/constant purchasing power information. Finally, the author reviews segmental reporting and value-added reporting within the multinational financial accounting context.
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In recent years, the accounting profession has been faced with a number of unresolved problems. One of the most crucial has been the failure to distinguish between two separate sectors of the economy, the core and the periphery. This work offers a comprehensive study of this dual economy in which large organizations are clustered at the center while smaller organizations are arrayed on the periphery. At least two sets of accounting standards are required to adequately serve this structure, Monti-Belkaoui and Belkaoui argue, and just what these standards are, and how they would affect such issues as financial reporting, is the subject of this book.The work explores the nature of the dual economy and provides a perspective on the way in which the concept operates. The authors begin their study with a survey of the theories and implications of the dual economy, and the issues of accounting validation in such a structure. In a number of succeeding chapters, they then analyze some fundamental accounting problems and their relation to economic dualism, including income smoothing, auditor switching, and bond rating changes. The work concludes with an examination of public policy and standard-setting solutions to the dual economy situation. Accounting in the Dual Economy will be a useful resource for a wide variety of professionals, including practicing accountants, financial managers, and legislators. It will also be an important supplementary text for courses in accounting and public policy.
Determinants of Executive Compensation
Corporate Ownership, Performance, Size, and Diversification
Inbunden, Engelska, 1991
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This study offers a thorough analysis of what determines the level of executive compensation in one corporation as opposed to another. Challenging prior research which has tended to focus solely on the influence of coporate financial performance, the authors argue that structural characteristics of the firm--size, internal organization, and ownership--are equally decisive in influencing the level and structure of executive compensation which allows for the investigation of both the direct and indirect effects of each of these factors on executive compensation and offer a guide to the assessment of executive compensation in the large corporation that will be of significant value to financial analysts, investors, and researchers interested in the role and ramifications of executive compensation policies.Following a review of theoretical considerations and recent findings on the determination of executive compensation, the authors present a model of executive compensation which integrates the concepts of corporate performance, organizational structure, size, and ownership structure. This path model is then tested by utilizing data from a sample of over 200 Fortune 500 firms. Both regression results and path analysis results show significant direct and indirect effects of the structural variables tested. Based upon their results, the authors offer policy suggestions for those involved in determining executive compensation or evaluating the financial status of organizations under investment consideration.
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A new form of accounting statement--the value added statement--is gaining popularity in the corporate annual reports of the largest companies in the United Kingdom. This new statement can be viewed as a modified version of the income statement. Like the income statement, the value added statement reports the operating performance of a company at a given point in time, using both accrual and matching procedures. Unlike the income statement, however, it is interpreted not as a return to shareholders but as a return to the larger group of capital and labor providers. Riahi-Belkaoui shows that the value added statement can be easily derived from the income statement and is therefore easily adaptable to the needs of U.S. companies.To illustrate the usefulness of the value added statement, Riahi-Belkaoui devotes Chapter 1 to a thorough discussion of its many benefits. He then analyzes the usefulness of the value added concept in understanding the characteristics of corporate takeovers in the United States, and in Chapter 3 he discusses the relationship between the value added concept and the systematic risk of U.S. companies, concluding in Chapter 4 with a discussion of value added statements in financial analysis. His book will thus interest not only accountants, teachers, and students who follow trends in international and multi-national accounting but also those who want to prepare themselves for the development of value added techniques and procedures that might reasonably be expected in the United States.
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The book is designed to provide a conceptual framework for management accounting. The student as well as the practitioner in management accounting should be aware not only of the new multidisciplinary scope of the field but also of the conceptual foundations which justify this extended scope. Unlike most management accounting books which do not introduce or integrate all these foundations and are generally restricted to an exposition of cost accounting techniques, this book both asserts that the management accounting professional needs a grounding in various disciplines and justifies the adaptation of their techniques to managerial problem solving.Five conceptual foundations envisioned for management accounting are presented: accounting foundations, decisional foundations, organizational foundations, behavioral foundations, and strategic foundations. A recurrent theme in each of these chapters is that a failure to grasp any of these conceptual foundations of management accounting may result in deficiencies in the management accounting system and inadequacies in the provision of the diverse services required by both the small and the complex organizations of today.
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This unique book examines conceptual, empirical, and practical issues associated with corporate reputation. Emphasizing the importance of the roles of corporate social disclosure and organizational effectiveness, the authors emphasize the need for an integrative framework in explaining the nature of corporate reputation. Utilizing valuable data provided by Fortune magazine, the book provides both a historical evaluation of reputational rankings of Fortune 500 firms for the period 1987-1991 and insights as to the market reaction to disclosure of these rankings. These can be utilized by firms in building reputation, investors in evaluating their strategies, and public policy officials in dealing with corporations.Following an extensive review of the conceptual foundations of corporate reputation, namely corporate social performance and disclosure and organizational effectiveness, the authors present explanatory and predictive models of corporate reputation. They then examine the potential relationship between corporate reputation and shareholders' wealth--the market reaction to reputation signals. Their findings suggest that a firm's benefit from the disclosure of reputation signals will depend on size and expectations, and that such disclosure appears to lead to a significant, lagged market reaction. Based on a detailed analysis of the 1987-1991 performance of U.S. firms on eight key attributes of reputation, the authors conclude with insights that can be utilized by corporations and investors alike.
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Timely and reliable accounting information is essential. Not only firms themselves but the markets they serve, and particularly the investment community, depend on it. Accounting data and their interpretation must be above suspicion, says Riahi-Belkaoui, and to be sure of that, corporations and other users of accounting information must be certain that accountants subscribe to and practice morality set to high standards. What these standards are, and how they are deficient, distorted, and sometimes even fallacious, are the themes explored here. In doing so, Riahi-Belkaoui's book leads readers through the complexities of what the author identifies as the five aspects of accounting morality: fairness, ethics, honesty, social responsibility, and truth.Riahi-Belkaoui begins with a discussion of fairness as a concept of justice, illustrated by the intellectual contributions of Rawls, Nozick, and Gerwith. From there he moves to ethics in accounting, and a review of such ethical perspectives as the utilitarian, the deontological, and the notion of fittingness. He also takes up the subject of ethical codes, and asks how do we discipline the accounting profession; then, how do we teach and research accounting ethics? Chapter 3 treats a variety of ethical issues and several key cases, among them the ESM Government Securities Case, the Drysdale Affair, and the Wedtech and Penn Square cases. In Chapter 4 Riahi-Belkaoui turns to honesty in the accounting environment and to discussions of the nature and framework of fraud, including what he calls outcome situations arising from corporate fraud. Chapter 5 explores the relationship between accounting and social responsibility, and makes clear that there is a need for an effective paradigm to define and help implement a socially responsible accounting. Finally, in Chapter 6 he comes to grips with the problem of truth in accounting--first, the notion of truth, then the impossibilities as well as the possibilities of attaining it. Morality in Accounting will be of special value to the producers and users of accounting, and to graduate and undergraduate students of the accounting discipline.
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Quality is becoming the most important competitive issue. The customer demands quality making it imperative to businesses to take it in serious consideration. It has become a matter of survival to provide a quality product. The concern with quality demands a) a better definition of the quality concept for each firm; b) a constant monitoring and planning of the quality standards and actions; and c) a continuous control of operations towards a quality objective. This is essentially the message and the content of this book: That quality needs to be defined contingent on the specific activities of the firm; that quality needs to be constantly monitored through a specific planning and recording system and finally, that quality is essentially the result of strong control activities. Belkaoui reviews the various approaches to the specification of the quality concept, the type of recording systems appropriate for its monitoring and the detailed control procedures needed to achieve it.The book should be very helpful to executives involved in a total quality control program, management accountants involved in the control of quality and accounting students in managerial accounting courses.
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Riahi-Belkaoui's research shows that U.S. firms, and possibly firms elsewhere, resort to the underutilization of their resources, a phenomenon known as organizational and budgetary slack. In this, the first exhaustive study of slack, the author identifies and explains the phenomenon and its causes, explicates the characteristics of organizations afflicted by it, and suggests ways to remedy it. In doing so, he also analyzes the role of the multidivisional structure and the performance plan in the creation of slack, and the distortion of information that accompanies it. A challenging study for organizational behavior theorists and for organization planners and top management in the private and public sectors.
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Riahi-Belkaoui argues that the multidivisional organizational structure is far superior to the standard, functional form of corporate organization. The M-form overcomes the problems of strategic direction and control implicit in the standard form, among other benefits, and, depending on the diversification strategy employed by the firm before reorganization is contemplated or implemented, it will positively affect a firm's profitability and productivity, while lessening its slack and financial risk. A research-based analysis, the book will be of particular importance to management accountants, professors and graduate students of management and accounting, and corporate staff responsible for organizational planning and development.
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Not only are employees an organization's most important asset, but their value and contributions to the organization's financial success can be accounted for and disclosed to users of accounting information. The authors argue persuasively for better accounting strategy in the human resource context, then identify three ways to implement it: 1) through human resource accounting, disclosable in annual reports; 2) through employee reporting; and 3) the application of value-added reporting which reveals the contribution that labor makes to the firm's wealth. The result is a unique, timely guide, presented in a way that management professionals, as well as academicians and researchers, can understand and apply.
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Accounting may be viewed and analyzed as its own special sort of language says Riahi-Belkaoui, and accounting is the language of business. It represents phenomena in the business world as language represents phenomena in the larger world. To understand accounting as a language one must study such things as its readability and understandability, its impact on users behavior, its various linguistic repertories, and the impact that bilinguality has on accounting practices. Riahi-Belkaoui covers all this in a way that not only academics versed in linguistics will understand, but in a way that trained accountants will also find fascinating and useful, particularly in their international and multicultural activities.Riahi-Belkaoui examines what he considers to be the four major aspects of his topic. First, he explores how accounting messages are based on levels of readability and understanding. Second he shows how accounting includes both lexical and grammatical characteristics, and how these shape the perceptions and thoughts of users. He then illustrates the ways in which different linguistic repertories are used by different professional groups, and shows how this leads to communication problems and from there to a schism between academics and practitioners. Finally he argues that bilingualism in accounting has clear advantage. It provides greater mental and cognitive flexibility, increased metalinguistic ability, and also makes it possible to formulate concepts better and to deal with divergent thinking.
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307 kr
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833 kr
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Auditor's reports declare that the financial statements contained in them present fairly the results of operations and cash flows, in conformity with generally accepting accounting principles. Users of accounting information are guaranteed that the auditors have attempted to be fair in their presentation — but what does this actually mean, and are there other ways in which the fairness concept comes into play? Monti-Belkaoui and Riahi-Belkaoui explore these matters in concise, readable detail, not only for their colleagues in the academic community but for professionals in accounting firms as well.Fairness has an important place in the practice of accounting. It is stated in the auditor's report that the financial statements present fairly the results of operations and cash flows for the year ended in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. The statement presents to the users and the market the guarantee that the accountants (as preparers) and the auditors (as attestors) have strived to be fair. This conventional nature of the concept of fairness is fairness in presentation, connoting an idea of neutrality in the preparation and presentation of financial reports and the idea of justice in outcome. This view of fairness in accounting as fairness in presentation is rather limited calling for expansion of the notion of fairness to deal with distribution, disclosure and resource allocation considerations. Accordingly, the main objective of this book is to explain the conventional notion of fairness in presentation before elaborating on the more interesting notions of fairness in distribution, fairness in disclosure and fairness in resource allocation. Each of these concepts is presented in a separate chapter.Chapter 1: The Fairness in Presentation will cover the conventional treatment of fairness in accounting as well as resulting limitations and consequences. Chapter 2:IFairness in Distribution will cover the contributions of various theories of justice (Rawls, Nozick, and Gerwith in particular) to different interpretations of fairness in accounting. Chapter 3: rness in DisclosureUsers will cover the avenues available for better disclosure to users in general that meet the interest of all the stakeholders. Chapter 4: rness and Entitlementl show how a moral authority espousing different theories of justice can reduce self-interest as it affects intrafirm distribution and disclosure. The book may be used as a guide to the understanding of the concept of fairness as fairness in presentation and to the expansion of the concept to deal with the more crucial issues of distribution, disclosure, and resource allocation. It should be of interest to members of the accounting profession and accounting students and researchers.