Aili Mari Tripp – författare

Why African Autocracies Promote Women as Leaders contrasts authoritarian countries with democracies in Africa to explain how and why autocracies promote women as leaders. The face of African politics has changed significantly since the mid-1990s as more women have entered politics in both democracies and autocracies. Women's movements and organizations have successfully lobbied for and won more leadership roles for women in the executive, legislature, and sub-national bodies. At the same time, in authoritarian countries this has created a conundrum: these successes in attaining leadership roles for women potentially end up strengthening the very regime that violates human and women's rights. These regimes instrumentalize women leaders and women's rights to enhance the longevity of an autocratic ruling party by increasing vote share, enhancing internal and external legitimacy, and softening their image after civil war, jihadist activity, or military rule. This occurred in the context of the shift from one-party to multiparty states, the end of major conflicts, and changing international gender norms in the 1990s. The study draws on cross-national research in Africa and over 188 in-depth interviews in Uganda, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Mauritania, Morocco, and in two democracies, Namibia and Botswana.

Why African Autocracies Promote Women as Leaders contrasts authoritarian countries with democracies in Africa to explain how and why autocracies promote women as leaders. The face of African politics has changed significantly since the mid-1990s as more women have entered politics in both democracies and autocracies. Women's movements and organizations have successfully lobbied for and won more leadership roles for women in the executive, legislature, and sub-national bodies. At the same time, in authoritarian countries this has created a conundrum: these successes in attaining leadership roles for women potentially end up strengthening the very regime that violates human and women's rights. These regimes instrumentalize women leaders and women's rights to enhance the longevity of an autocratic ruling party by increasing vote share, enhancing internal and external legitimacy, and softening their image after civil war, jihadist activity, or military rule. This occurred in the context of the shift from one-party to multiparty states, the end of major conflicts, and changing international gender norms in the 1990s. The study draws on cross-national research in Africa and over 188 in-depth interviews in Uganda, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Mauritania, Morocco, and in two democracies, Namibia and Botswana.

Why African Autocracies Promote Women as Leaders contrasts authoritarian countries with democracies in Africa to explain how and why autocracies promote women as leaders. The face of African politics has changed significantly since the mid-1990s as more women have entered politics in both democracies and autocracies. Women's movements and organizations have successfully lobbied for and won more leadership roles for women in the executive, legislature, and sub-national bodies. At the same time, in authoritarian countries this has created a conundrum: these successes in attaining leadership roles for women potentially end up strengthening the very regime that violates human and women's rights. These regimes instrumentalize women leaders and women's rights to enhance the longevity of an autocratic ruling party by increasing vote share, enhancing internal and external legitimacy, and softening their image after civil war, jihadist activity, or military rule. This occurred in the context of the shift from one-party to multiparty states, the end of major conflicts, and changing international gender norms in the 1990s. The study draws on cross-national research in Africa and over 188 in-depth interviews in Uganda, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Mauritania, Morocco, and in two democracies, Namibia and Botswana.

Why African Autocracies Promote Women as Leaders contrasts authoritarian countries with democracies in Africa to explain how and why autocracies promote women as leaders. The face of African politics has changed significantly since the mid-1990s as more women have entered politics in both democracies and autocracies. Women's movements and organizations have successfully lobbied for and won more leadership roles for women in the executive, legislature, and sub-national bodies. At the same time, in authoritarian countries this has created a conundrum: these successes in attaining leadership roles for women potentially end up strengthening the very regime that violates human and women's rights. These regimes instrumentalize women leaders and women's rights to enhance the longevity of an autocratic ruling party by increasing vote share, enhancing internal and external legitimacy, and softening their image after civil war, jihadist activity, or military rule. This occurred in the context of the shift from one-party to multiparty states, the end of major conflicts, and changing international gender norms in the 1990s. The study draws on cross-national research in Africa and over 188 in-depth interviews in Uganda, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Mauritania, Morocco, and in two democracies, Namibia and Botswana.

Uganda has attracted much attention and political visibility for its significant economic recovery after a catastrophic decline. In her groundbreaking book, Aili Mari Tripp provides extensive data and analysis of patterns of political behavior and institutions by focusing on the unique success of indigenous women’s organizations.Tripp explores why the women’s movement grew so dramatically in such a short time after the National Resistant Movement took over in 1986. Unlike many African countries where organizations and institutions are controlled by a ruling party or regime, the Ugandan women’s movement gained its momentum by remaining autonomous.

Postcolonialism, the politics of ethnic and religious identity, and the role of women in African society and politics have become important, and often connected, foci in African studies. Here, fifteen chapters explore these themes in tandem. With essays that span the continent, this volume showcases the political histories, challenges, and promise of contemporary Africa.Written in honor of Crawford Young, a foundational figure in the study of African politics, the essays reflect the breadth and intellectual legacy of this towering scholar and illustrate the vast impact Young had, and continues to have, on the field. The book’s themes build from his seminal publications, and the essays were written by leading scholars who were trained by Young.

Changing the Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania provides a comprehensive examination of Tanzania's informal economy, highlighting its critical role as both a survival mechanism and a force for political and economic change. Amid the economic crises of the 1980s, Tanzanians increasingly turned to informal activities to bridge the vast gap between formal wages and the cost of living. This shift not only redefined economic participation but also challenged the statist and socialist frameworks that had dominated Tanzania's post-independence policies. The book explores how the informal economy reshaped dependencies, strengthened grassroots initiatives, and exerted pressure on the state to adapt through liberalization and reform.The study delves into the socio-political dynamics underlying this transformation, from the emergence of new economic practices to the state’s reluctant acknowledgment of these activities. By documenting the interplay between everyday resistance and policy shifts, the book reveals how informal economic strategies undermined restrictive state norms and forced significant institutional changes. Through chapters that analyze household dynamics, gendered economic roles, and shifting state-society relations, the author presents a nuanced picture of how Tanzanians redefined survival and governance. This book is essential for understanding how grassroots economic adaptations can drive systemic transformation in developing nations.This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1977.

Changing the Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania provides a comprehensive examination of Tanzania's informal economy, highlighting its critical role as both a survival mechanism and a force for political and economic change. Amid the economic crises of the 1980s, Tanzanians increasingly turned to informal activities to bridge the vast gap between formal wages and the cost of living. This shift not only redefined economic participation but also challenged the statist and socialist frameworks that had dominated Tanzania's post-independence policies. The book explores how the informal economy reshaped dependencies, strengthened grassroots initiatives, and exerted pressure on the state to adapt through liberalization and reform. The study delves into the socio-political dynamics underlying this transformation, from the emergence of new economic practices to the state’s reluctant acknowledgment of these activities. By documenting the interplay between everyday resistance and policy shifts, the book reveals how informal economic strategies undermined restrictive state norms and forced significant institutional changes. Through chapters that analyze household dynamics, gendered economic roles, and shifting state-society relations, the author presents a nuanced picture of how Tanzanians redefined survival and governance. This book is essential for understanding how grassroots economic adaptations can drive systemic transformation in developing nations. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1977.

Changing the Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania provides a comprehensive examination of Tanzania's informal economy, highlighting its critical role as both a survival mechanism and a force for political and economic change. Amid the economic crises of the 1980s, Tanzanians increasingly turned to informal activities to bridge the vast gap between formal wages and the cost of living. This shift not only redefined economic participation but also challenged the statist and socialist frameworks that had dominated Tanzania's post-independence policies. The book explores how the informal economy reshaped dependencies, strengthened grassroots initiatives, and exerted pressure on the state to adapt through liberalization and reform.The study delves into the socio-political dynamics underlying this transformation, from the emergence of new economic practices to the state’s reluctant acknowledgment of these activities. By documenting the interplay between everyday resistance and policy shifts, the book reveals how informal economic strategies undermined restrictive state norms and forced significant institutional changes. Through chapters that analyze household dynamics, gendered economic roles, and shifting state-society relations, the author presents a nuanced picture of how Tanzanians redefined survival and governance. This book is essential for understanding how grassroots economic adaptations can drive systemic transformation in developing nations.This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1977.

Women entered the political scene in Africa after the 1990s, claiming more than one third of the parliamentary seats in countries like Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Burundi. Women in Rwanda hold the highest percentage of legislative seats in the world. Women's movements lobbied for constitutional reforms and new legislation to expand women's rights. This book examines the convergence of factors behind these dramatic developments, including the emergence of autonomous women's movements, changes in international and regional norms regarding women's rights and representation, the availability of new resources to advance women's status, and the end of civil conflict. The book focuses on the cases of Cameroon, Uganda, and Mozambique, situating these countries in the broader African context. The authors provide a fascinating analysis of the way in which women are transforming the political landscape in Africa.

Women entered the political scene in Africa after the 1990s, claiming more than one third of the parliamentary seats in countries like Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Burundi. Women in Rwanda hold the highest percentage of legislative seats in the world. Women's movements lobbied for constitutional reforms and new legislation to expand women's rights. This book examines the convergence of factors behind these dramatic developments, including the emergence of autonomous women's movements, changes in international and regional norms regarding women's rights and representation, the availability of new resources to advance women's status, and the end of civil conflict. The book focuses on the cases of Cameroon, Uganda, and Mozambique, situating these countries in the broader African context. The authors provide a fascinating analysis of the way in which women are transforming the political landscape in Africa.

Explores the social and political developments that have energized movements of global feminismIncreasingly feminists around the world have successfully campaigned for recognition of women's full personhood and empowerment. Global Feminism explores the social and political developments that have energized this movement. Drawn from an international group of scholars and activists, the authors of these original essays assess both the opportunities that transnationalism has created and the tensions it has inadvertently fostered. By focusing on both the local and global struggles of today's feminist activists this important volume reveals much about women's changing rights, treatment and impact in the global world.Contributors: Melinda Adams, Aida Bagic, Yakin Ertürk, Myra Marx Ferree, Amy G. Mazur, Dorothy E. McBride, Hilkka Pietilä, Tetyana Pudrovska, Margaret Snyder, Sarah Swider, Aili Mari Tripp, Nira Yuval-Davis.

Explores the social and political developments that have energized movements of global feminismIncreasingly feminists around the world have successfully campaigned for recognition of women's full personhood and empowerment. Global Feminism explores the social and political developments that have energized this movement. Drawn from an international group of scholars and activists, the authors of these original essays assess both the opportunities that transnationalism has created and the tensions it has inadvertently fostered. By focusing on both the local and global struggles of today's feminist activists this important volume reveals much about women's changing rights, treatment and impact in the global world.Contributors: Melinda Adams, Aida Bagic, Yakin Ertürk, Myra Marx Ferree, Amy G. Mazur, Dorothy E. McBride, Hilkka Pietilä, Tetyana Pudrovska, Margaret Snyder, Sarah Swider, Aili Mari Tripp, Nira Yuval-Davis.

The nature of human security is changing globally: interstate conflict and even intrastate conflict may be diminishing worldwide, yet threats to individuals and communities persist. Large-scale violence by formal and informal armed forces intersects with interpersonal and domestic forms of violence in mutually reinforcing ways. Gender, Violence, and Human Security takes a critical look at notions of human security and violence through a feminist lens, drawing on both theoretical perspectives and empirical examinations through case studies from a variety of contexts around the globe. This fascinating volume goes beyond existing feminist international relations engagements with security studies to identify not only limitations of the human security approach, but also possible synergies between feminist and human security approaches. Noted scholars Aili Mari Tripp, Myra Marx Ferree, and Christina Ewig, along with their distinguished group of contributors, analyze specific case studies from around the globe, ranging from post-conflict security in Croatia to the relationship between state policy and gender-based crime in the United States. Shifting the focus of the term "human security" from its defensive emphasis to a more proactive notion of peace, the book ultimately calls for addressing the structural issues that give rise to violence. A hard-hitting critique of the ways in which global inequalities are often overlooked by human security theorists, Gender, Violence, and Human Security presents a much-needed intervention into the study of power relations throughout the world.

The nature of human security is changing globally: interstate conflict and even intrastate conflict may be diminishing worldwide, yet threats to individuals and communities persist. Large-scale violence by formal and informal armed forces intersects with interpersonal and domestic forms of violence in mutually reinforcing ways. Gender, Violence, and Human Security takes a critical look at notions of human security and violence through a feminist lens, drawing on both theoretical perspectives and empirical examinations through case studies from a variety of contexts around the globe. This fascinating volume goes beyond existing feminist international relations engagements with security studies to identify not only limitations of the human security approach, but also possible synergies between feminist and human security approaches. Noted scholars Aili Mari Tripp, Myra Marx Ferree, and Christina Ewig, along with their distinguished group of contributors, analyze specific case studies from around the globe, ranging from post-conflict security in Croatia to the relationship between state policy and gender-based crime in the United States. Shifting the focus of the term "human security" from its defensive emphasis to a more proactive notion of peace, the book ultimately calls for addressing the structural issues that give rise to violence. A hard-hitting critique of the ways in which global inequalities are often overlooked by human security theorists, Gender, Violence, and Human Security presents a much-needed intervention into the study of power relations throughout the world.

A detailed study of the impact of gender on the politics of Uganda.This study analyses the interrelationship between national and local politics and the women's movement in Africa. It covers: women's mobilization and social autonomy; the background to the National Resistance Movement; and decentralization and women's participation in Uganda.North America: University of Wisconsin Press; Uganda: Fountain Publishers

The book explains an unexpected consequence of the decrease in conflict in Africa after the 1990s. Analysis of cross-national data and in-depth comparisons of case studies of Uganda, Liberia and Angola show that post-conflict countries have significantly higher rates of women's political representation in legislatures and government compared with countries that have not undergone major conflict. They have also passed more legislative reforms and made more constitutional changes relating to women's rights. The study explains how and why these patterns emerged, tying these outcomes to the conjuncture of the rise of women's movements, changes in international women's rights norms and, most importantly, gender disruptions that occur during war. This book will help scholars, students, women's rights activists, international donors, policy makers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and others better understand some of the circumstances that are most conducive to women's rights reform today and why.

The book explains an unexpected consequence of the decrease in conflict in Africa after the 1990s. Analysis of cross-national data and in-depth comparisons of case studies of Uganda, Liberia and Angola show that post-conflict countries have significantly higher rates of women's political representation in legislatures and government compared with countries that have not undergone major conflict. They have also passed more legislative reforms and made more constitutional changes relating to women's rights. The study explains how and why these patterns emerged, tying these outcomes to the conjuncture of the rise of women's movements, changes in international women's rights norms and, most importantly, gender disruptions that occur during war. This book will help scholars, students, women's rights activists, international donors, policy makers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and others better understand some of the circumstances that are most conducive to women's rights reform today and why.

Aili Mari Tripp explains why autocratic leaders in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria embraced more extensive legal reforms of women's rights than their Middle Eastern counterparts. The study challenges existing accounts that rely primarily on religiosity to explain the adoption of women's rights in Muslim-majority countries. Based on extensive fieldwork in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and an original database of gender-based reforms in the Middle East and North Africa, this accessible study analyzes how women's rights are used both instrumentally and symbolically to advance the political goals of authoritarian regimes as leverage in attempts to side-line religious extremists. It shows how Islamist political parties have been forced to dramatically change their positions on women's rights to ensure political survival. In an original contribution to the study of women's rights in the Middle East and North Africa, Tripp reveals how women's rights movements have capitalized on moments of political turmoil to defend and advance their cause.

Aili Mari Tripp explains why autocratic leaders in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria embraced more extensive legal reforms of women's rights than their Middle Eastern counterparts. The study challenges existing accounts that rely primarily on religiosity to explain the adoption of women's rights in Muslim-majority countries. Based on extensive fieldwork in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and an original database of gender-based reforms in the Middle East and North Africa, this accessible study analyzes how women's rights are used both instrumentally and symbolically to advance the political goals of authoritarian regimes as leverage in attempts to side-line religious extremists. It shows how Islamist political parties have been forced to dramatically change their positions on women's rights to ensure political survival. In an original contribution to the study of women's rights in the Middle East and North Africa, Tripp reveals how women's rights movements have capitalized on moments of political turmoil to defend and advance their cause.

Aili Mari Tripp explains why autocratic leaders in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria embraced more extensive legal reforms of women''s rights than their Middle Eastern counterparts. The study challenges existing accounts that rely primarily on religiosity to explain the adoption of women''s rights in Muslim-majority countries. Based on extensive fieldwork in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and an original database of gender-based reforms in the Middle East and North Africa, this accessible study analyzes how women''s rights are used both instrumentally and symbolically to advance the political goals of authoritarian regimes as leverage in attempts to side-line religious extremists. It shows how Islamist political parties have been forced to dramatically change their positions on women''s rights to ensure political survival. In an original contribution to the study of women''s rights in the Middle East and North Africa, Tripp reveals how women''s rights movements have capitalized on moments of political turmoil to defend and advance their cause.

Aili Mari Tripp explains why autocratic leaders in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria embraced more extensive legal reforms of women''s rights than their Middle Eastern counterparts. The study challenges existing accounts that rely primarily on religiosity to explain the adoption of women''s rights in Muslim-majority countries. Based on extensive fieldwork in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and an original database of gender-based reforms in the Middle East and North Africa, this accessible study analyzes how women''s rights are used both instrumentally and symbolically to advance the political goals of authoritarian regimes as leverage in attempts to side-line religious extremists. It shows how Islamist political parties have been forced to dramatically change their positions on women''s rights to ensure political survival. In an original contribution to the study of women''s rights in the Middle East and North Africa, Tripp reveals how women''s rights movements have capitalized on moments of political turmoil to defend and advance their cause.

The book explains an unexpected consequence of the decrease in conflict in Africa after the 1990s. Analysis of cross-national data and in-depth comparisons of case studies of Uganda, Liberia and Angola show that post-conflict countries have significantly higher rates of women''s political representation in legislatures and government compared with countries that have not undergone major conflict. They have also passed more legislative reforms and made more constitutional changes relating to women''s rights. The study explains how and why these patterns emerged, tying these outcomes to the conjuncture of the rise of women''s movements, changes in international women''s rights norms and, most importantly, gender disruptions that occur during war. This book will help scholars, students, women''s rights activists, international donors, policy makers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and others better understand some of the circumstances that are most conducive to women''s rights reform today and why.

The book explains an unexpected consequence of the decrease in conflict in Africa after the 1990s. Analysis of cross-national data and in-depth comparisons of case studies of Uganda, Liberia and Angola show that post-conflict countries have significantly higher rates of women''s political representation in legislatures and government compared with countries that have not undergone major conflict. They have also passed more legislative reforms and made more constitutional changes relating to women''s rights. The study explains how and why these patterns emerged, tying these outcomes to the conjuncture of the rise of women''s movements, changes in international women''s rights norms and, most importantly, gender disruptions that occur during war. This book will help scholars, students, women''s rights activists, international donors, policy makers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and others better understand some of the circumstances that are most conducive to women''s rights reform today and why.

Throughout Africa, growing numbers of women are coming together and making their voices heard, mobilising around causes ranging from democracy and land rights to campaigns against domestic violence. In Tanzania and Tunisia, women have made major gains in their struggle for equal political rights, and in Sierra Leone and Liberia women have been at the forefront of efforts to promote peace and reconciliation. While some of these movements have been influenced by international feminism and external donors, increasingly it is African women who are shaping the global struggle for women’s rights.Bringing together African authors who themselves are part of the activist groups, this collection represents the only comprehensive and up-to-date overview of women’s movements in contemporary Africa. Drawing on case studies and fresh empirical material from across the continent, the authors challenge the prevailing assumption that notions of women’s rights have trickled down from the global north to the south, showing instead that these movements have been shaped by above all the unique experiences and concerns of the local women involved.

Throughout Africa, growing numbers of women are coming together and making their voices heard, mobilising around causes ranging from democracy and land rights to campaigns against domestic violence. In Tanzania and Tunisia, women have made major gains in their struggle for equal political rights, and in Sierra Leone and Liberia women have been at the forefront of efforts to promote peace and reconciliation. While some of these movements have been influenced by international feminism and external donors, increasingly it is African women who are shaping the global struggle for women’s rights.Bringing together African authors who themselves are part of the activist groups, this collection represents the only comprehensive and up-to-date overview of women’s movements in contemporary Africa. Drawing on case studies and fresh empirical material from across the continent, the authors challenge the prevailing assumption that notions of women’s rights have trickled down from the global north to the south, showing instead that these movements have been shaped by above all the unique experiences and concerns of the local women involved.

Throughout Africa, growing numbers of women are coming together and making their voices heard, mobilising around causes ranging from democracy and land rights to campaigns against domestic violence. In Tanzania and Tunisia, women have made major gains in their struggle for equal political rights, and in Sierra Leone and Liberia women have been at the forefront of efforts to promote peace and reconciliation. While some of these movements have been influenced by international feminism and external donors, increasingly it is African women who are shaping the global struggle for women's rights.Bringing together African authors who themselves are part of the activist groups, this collection represents the only comprehensive and up-to-date overview of women's movements in contemporary Africa. Drawing on case studies and fresh empirical material from across the continent, the authors challenge the prevailing assumption that notions of women's rights have trickled down from the global north to the south, showing instead that these movements have been shaped by above all the unique experiences and concerns of the local women involved.

Throughout Africa, growing numbers of women are coming together and making their voices heard, mobilising around causes ranging from democracy and land rights to campaigns against domestic violence. In Tanzania and Tunisia, women have made major gains in their struggle for equal political rights, and in Sierra Leone and Liberia women have been at the forefront of efforts to promote peace and reconciliation. While some of these movements have been influenced by international feminism and external donors, increasingly it is African women who are shaping the global struggle for women's rights.Bringing together African authors who themselves are part of the activist groups, this collection represents the only comprehensive and up-to-date overview of women's movements in contemporary Africa. Drawing on case studies and fresh empirical material from across the continent, the authors challenge the prevailing assumption that notions of women's rights have trickled down from the global north to the south, showing instead that these movements have been shaped by above all the unique experiences and concerns of the local women involved.

A key book for conflict and peace studies, reveals the gendered nature of peacebuilding, its consequences, and the importance of women playing a part in peace processes in Africa.Even in the best of circumstances, women are all too often excluded from formal peacemaking and peacebuilding processes and relegated to the sidelines as observers or limited to informal peacebuilding strategies. Yet there is enormous potential in these strategies as women often strive to build bridges across political, ethnic, religious, clan and other differences through alliances arising from common concerns around violence, land, access to resources, and protection of their families and communities, and address sources of conflict at both national and local levels.Drawing on cutting-edge research by scholars and women's rights activists in South Sudan, Sudan, Algeria, northern Nigeria, and Somalia, this book focuses on the consequences of the continuing exclusions of women from peace talks and from post-conflict governance structures. The case studies reveal how peacebuilding is gendered and why this matters in developing meaningful and sustainable approaches to peacebuilding. Examining how women activists have made a difference through informal peacebuilding activities, the contributors explore women's efforts to reshapethe post-conflict context by struggling for legislative and constitutional reforms and by advocating for political representation and political inclusion more generally within peacebuilding processes. They also look at how women have pushed back against the conservative Islamist forces that today dominate much armed conflict in Africa. Suggesting that women's formal participation in peace negotiations is vital in bringing about an end to conflict and preventing its resumption, as well as the one of the most effective strategies, this book will be essential reading for scholars and NGOs involved in development, conflict resolution and peacebuilding.The book is the product of a research project on Women and Peacebuilding in Africa, funded by Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Norwegian Foreign Ministry.