Andres Costa – författare

The corpus callosum is a flat bundle of commissural fibers, beneath the cerebral cortex in the brain, the mild encephalitis/encephalopathy of which is rare in children. In Horizons in Neuroscience Research. Volume 36, the authors report 23 cases in children and summarize the clinical manifestations, imaging features, prognosis, and possible causes and pathogenesis of these patients. Continuing, this compilation describes the anatomy of the sphenopalatine ganglion and the pathophysiological role of the ganglion in different neurological disorders. Various approaches, methods and techniques are discussed, along with their advantages and limitations. Cognitive decline and symptoms of attention deficits, executive dysfunction, and memory impairments are all symptoms of dementia in the elderly. One review focuses on particular frequency oscillations that occur within the affected brain regions which may be used to classify some idiopathic dementias as specific diseases, and could contribute additional information to the clinical data in evaluating age changes. Next, the authors propose that zebrafish may aid in attaining a comprehensive understanding of neural development, neurological disease, and the future treatment of these disorders. They are cost-effective, have a high fecundity, are amenable to genetic manipulation, and are not as susceptible to embryonic lethality in certain circumstances because of gene duplication. Most importantly, their development is highly conserved and they share a similar number of chromosomes relative to both humans and mice, the latter being the most commonly used model system to study neurodevelopmental disorders. Another study focuses on cerebral microcirculation and angioarchitectonics disorders in Alzheimer's disease (AD) as compared to other neurodegenerative and ischemic diseases. 1122 patients with different types and stages of neurodegenerative and ischemic diseases were examined: 93 patients with different AD stages, 5 AD patients' direct descendants aged 8-11, and 1024 patients with other neurodegenerative and ischemic brain disorders. Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) represent a diverse group of gene regulatory factors that can post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in response to various stimuli during brain development and differentiation. The authors discuss the link between ncRNAs, and miRNA in particular, and the regulation of ubiquitine-proteasome pathways and neurodegeneration. The following study aimed to evaluate the effect of implementation intention on naturalistic prospective memory performance in individuals with schizotypal personality features. A total of 48 individuals with schizotypal personality features and 50 participants without schizotypal personality features participated in the study. Diagnosis of occult otogenic cerebrospinal fluid leakage is challenging and the disease may easily be misdiagnosed. In the closing chapter, the authors propose that if a patient presents repeatedly with otorrhea or rhinorrhea with history of head injury, traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leakage should be considered. Additionally, Different surgical techniques should be adopted such as the transmastoid/translabyrhithine approach, or packing the vestibular organs to treat the cerebrospinal fluid leakage based on the source.

The opening chapter of Horizons in Neuroscience Research. Volume 37 suggests a definition and temporal origin of languages that emerge naturally—without linguistic assumptions or preconceptions—from an analytic and predictive theory of mental evolution. A significant number of Alzheimer’s disease patients present with low circulating plasma leptin levels. As such, studies expressed in the following chapter have shown that leptin treatment reduces amyloid and phosphorylated tau accumulation in cultured cells and animal models, with beneficial effects. A systematic review of the structure and function of the cerebellum in normal brain and surveys the distribution of the pathology in a major molecular group of neurodegenerative disease is presented, inclduing Alzheimer’s disease, argyrophilic grain disease, corticobasal degeneration, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, guam parkinsonian dementia complex, primary age-related tauopathy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. The application of Fourier analysis is illustrated with reference to the spatial distribution of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of six cases of Alzheimer’s disease, and it is suggested as a useful statistical method for studying the patterns of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Additionally, the structure and function of the basal ganglia in normal brain are described, and the role that differential pathology in these regions may have in determining the clinical symptoms in neurodegenerative disease is explored. The authors describe the structure and function of the superior colliculus in the normal brain, as well as the pathological changes in the superior colliculus which may explain eye movement problems in two neurodegenerative disorders: progressive supranuclear palsy and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The results obtained in the penultimate chapter corroborate the toxic effects at cellular and molecular levels that the administration of L-DOPA has, even in a healthy system, affirming the need to find a Parkinson disease treatment alternative. The final study investigates the relationship between the number of flow experiences in daily life and brain activation by near-infrared spectroscopy.

In this compilation, the authors review current literature concerning the identification and neuro-imaging of children with cerebral visual impairment, describing their clinical and rehabilitative management while recognizing the role of adaptive neuroplasticity in their visual development. The data published to date on the chemical and functional neuroanatomy of the adult human brainstem obtained through the application of different techniques, from histochemical staining to modern imaging techniques, is compiled. The involvement of acetylcholine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, GAP-43, glutamate, hypoxia-induced factor-1 alpha, microtubule-associated protein 2, nestin, neurofilament, noradrenaline, serotonin, somatostatin, substance P and vitamin C in the development of the human brainstem is discussed. The authors also discuss sirtuins, a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent protein deacetylases that play a regulatory role in multiple pathways such as mitochondrial energetics, cell-cycle regulation, oxidative stress resistance, inflammation, and insulin secretion. The subsequent study examines how distractibility during the learning process is related to a history of traumatic brain injury, utilizing a 2x2 between subjects factorial ANOVA. In closing, the gravitational mass spectroscopy method is used to study the process of HSV-I herpes virus attack on the affected area of the human brain in vivo. The mechanism of ring attack by CccDNA plasmid cytolinker MACF1 is proposed.

This compilation opens with a review of the clinical and preclinical studies that reproduce type 1 diabetes, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, along with an analysis of the complications at the central level, as well as cognitive impairment and its relation with dementia. Continuing, the authors review the typical neurocognitive deficits associated with alcohol exposure in pregnancy; the relationship between fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder; and the combined effects of alcohol and drug abuse. In addition, recent literature summarizing the main roles of sirtuin 2 in the central nervous system is addressed in an attempt to understand the relationship between sirtuin 2, senescence and neurodegenerative diseases. The relationship between biological motion, emotions, and theory of mind in people with neurodevelopmental disorders is examined. Specifically, the authors use bottom-up and top-down investigations to systematically uncover behavioral and neurological patterns of biological motion perception in people with Williams syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and Down syndrome. One study deals with the definition of consciousness, the description of the neural substrates that have been associated with it, and the examination of the main interpretative models. In closing, theory of mind as an implication of empowerment is explored using empirical data on social competence development among children.

In this compilation, the authors review studies that have been carried out using c-Fos as an activity marker for spatial navigation, discussing how this tool has helped researchers to unveil the brain’s functioning. Brain regional ensembles in object novelty recognition are discussed as part of recognition memory. A broad review of neuroanatomical and functional pathways underlying these processes is provided, with special emphasis on the role played by the perirhinal cortex, mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, among others. The “Pro-Truth Pledge” is proposed as an intervention for the deterioration of truth in democracies around the globe, combining behavioral science research with crowdsourcing to help address this problem. The recent proteomics discoveries of degenerative protein modifications and their role in aging and age-associated processes are examined, particularly focusing on how these interventions could extend lifespan and be applied as targeted therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. The authors go on to investigate the effects of various chemicals in the developing brain to raise awareness of the possible effects and outcomes of chemical exposure. A case of auditory agnosia, a type of central deafness commonly seen in cases of bilateral temporal cerebral lesions, is discussed, and a literature review regarding this condition is provided.

This book contains twelve chapters describing recent advancements in neuroscience research. Chapter One summarizes the role of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the health and disease of dogs. Chapter Two discusses the neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin. Chapter Three focuses on the development of several mesencephalic areas using tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry and tritiated thymidine autoradiography. Chapter Four presents a study of the cerebellum of different age members of the same family using gravitational mass spectroscopy. Chapter Five explores how the conformations of nucleosomes and their states in the spirals of solenoids are responsible for the processes of short-term and long-term memory as well as other brain functions. Chapter Six deals with cognitive decline and depression associated with severe asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Chapter Seven describes the surgical technique of extensive craniofacial reconstruction for unilateral anterior plagiocephaly treatment. Chapter Eight gives a model of the molecular cause of pain based on a study of human fingers conducted via gravitational mass spectroscopy. Chapter Nine deals with the role of globules in the work of the brain and the dynamics of their conformations. Chapter Ten explains how chromosome topology is formed in vivo. Chapter Eleven explores the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury and residual cognitive impairment. Finally, Chapter Twelve examines stochastic resonance in the context of human sensory systems.

This book focuses on advancements in neuroscience research. Chapter 1 highlights the role of aSyn strains in LBDs, the impact of PTMs on the pathological accumulation of aSyn, how omic approaches can enhance our understanding of synucleinopathies, and the efficacy of rapamycin-mediated autophagic activation in clearing misfolded proteins and counteracting neurodegeneration. Chapter 2 discusses animal models that involve surgical intervention to remove an essential anatomic structure. Chapter 3 provides a broad definition of executive functions, highlighting their crucial role in human adaptation. Chapter 4 discusses how the brain-gut axis fuels neuroinflammation in ischemic strokes. Chapter 5 examines the influence of neuroscience on understanding consumer behavior, synthesizing insights from both neuroscientific research and consumer psychology. Chapter 6 aims to explore the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the field of metallomics with regards to understanding neurological diseases. Chapter 7 discusses the clustering of β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Finally, Chapter 8 focuses on diabetes mellitus, and brain dysfunctions and discussing potential components in preventing diabetes-related cognitive impairment.