International trade is undergoing profound transformation. The liberalization paradigm that characterized much of the twentieth century has given way to renewed tariff conflicts, systemic disruptions caused by war and geopolitical rivalry, and mounting pressures to align trade with sustainability objectives. These shifts underscore the urgent need to re-examine the intellectual and policy foundations of global commerce in light of twenty-first century realities. This book offers a comprehensive, interdisciplinary analysis of these emerging dynamics.Drawing on contributions from legal scholars, economists, and political scientists across Europe, Asia, and North America, it traces the historical evolution of tariffs, evaluates the far-reaching consequences of the conflicts in MENA, Ukraine, and Russia, and examines the challenges posed by central bank digital currencies to established trade mechanisms. It further investigates the U.S.-China trade confrontation as a case of enduring techno-economic rivalry, the paradoxes of sustainability in mineral-based global value chains, and the regulatory tensions between market liberalisation and national sovereignty. The book examines critical mineral supply chains through a geoeconomic lens, focusing on how states and corporations leverage control over extraction, processing, and manufacturing stages to secure strategic advantage. It offers novel insights into European vulnerabilities in rare earth supply, insolvency harmonisation, and investment regulation. Together, these chapters provide an integrated perspective on the forces redefining trade law, policy, and practice. It explores the impact of digital currency regulation on international trade, with particular regard to the legal status of central banks.This book will be of particular interest to academics, researchers, and graduate students in international economics, law, and political science, as well as to policymakers and institutional actors concerned with the future of global trade governance.

International trade is undergoing profound transformation. The liberalization paradigm that characterized much of the twentieth century has given way to renewed tariff conflicts, systemic disruptions caused by war and geopolitical rivalry, and mounting pressures to align trade with sustainability objectives. These shifts underscore the urgent need to re-examine the intellectual and policy foundations of global commerce in light of twenty-first century realities. This book offers a comprehensive, interdisciplinary analysis of these emerging dynamics.Drawing on contributions from legal scholars, economists, and political scientists across Europe, Asia, and North America, it traces the historical evolution of tariffs, evaluates the far-reaching consequences of the conflicts in MENA, Ukraine, and Russia, and examines the challenges posed by central bank digital currencies to established trade mechanisms. It further investigates the U.S.-China trade confrontation as a case of enduring techno-economic rivalry, the paradoxes of sustainability in mineral-based global value chains, and the regulatory tensions between market liberalisation and national sovereignty. The book examines critical mineral supply chains through a geoeconomic lens, focusing on how states and corporations leverage control over extraction, processing, and manufacturing stages to secure strategic advantage. It offers novel insights into European vulnerabilities in rare earth supply, insolvency harmonisation, and investment regulation. Together, these chapters provide an integrated perspective on the forces redefining trade law, policy, and practice. It explores the impact of digital currency regulation on international trade, with particular regard to the legal status of central banks.This book will be of particular interest to academics, researchers, and graduate students in international economics, law, and political science, as well as to policymakers and institutional actors concerned with the future of global trade governance.

This book provides a comprehensive examination of the key legal issues related to the implementation of digital servitisation in mobility business models, focusing particularly on autonomous vehicles. The investigation explores three primary areas of concern.Firstly, it analyses the role of autonomous vehicles within digital servitisation mobility business models, addressing the legal classification of these vehicles and the implications of swarm intelligence. This book informs the evaluation of legal relationships between entities that create value through digital mobility services and the underlying technologies, particularly in relation to autonomous vehicles.Secondly, it considers the legal status and rights of customers in various capacities, including drivers, passengers, and consumers of transportation services provided by autonomous vehicles offering digital service options. Distinguishing these aspects is crucial, as customers are the ultimate beneficiaries of the product-service systems linked to the deployment of autonomous vehicles. Given the complex and multi-stakeholder landscape surrounding these vehicles, customers are exposed to potential risks, especially concerning privacy protection, cybersecurity, and the effective enforcement of consumer rights.The third area highlights the resources required to implement digital business models, including digital platforms. Digital platforms are integral to the ecosystem of entities that create and deliver digital mobility services. Their market position necessitates the establishment of appropriate legal regulations to mitigate their influence.This book is aimed at academic researchers and students, as well as legal professionals associated with vehicle manufacturers and their partners engaged in providing digital mobility services. This demographic encompasses car-sharing companies, digital platform providers, and technology suppliers that facilitate these services, including software for vehicle connectivity and positioning technologies.

This book provides a comprehensive examination of the key legal issues related to the implementation of digital servitisation in mobility business models, focusing particularly on autonomous vehicles. The investigation explores three primary areas of concern.Firstly, it analyses the role of autonomous vehicles within digital servitisation mobility business models, addressing the legal classification of these vehicles and the implications of swarm intelligence. This book informs the evaluation of legal relationships between entities that create value through digital mobility services and the underlying technologies, particularly in relation to autonomous vehicles.Secondly, it considers the legal status and rights of customers in various capacities, including drivers, passengers, and consumers of transportation services provided by autonomous vehicles offering digital service options. Distinguishing these aspects is crucial, as customers are the ultimate beneficiaries of the product-service systems linked to the deployment of autonomous vehicles. Given the complex and multi-stakeholder landscape surrounding these vehicles, customers are exposed to potential risks, especially concerning privacy protection, cybersecurity, and the effective enforcement of consumer rights.The third area highlights the resources required to implement digital business models, including digital platforms. Digital platforms are integral to the ecosystem of entities that create and deliver digital mobility services. Their market position necessitates the establishment of appropriate legal regulations to mitigate their influence.This book is aimed at academic researchers and students, as well as legal professionals associated with vehicle manufacturers and their partners engaged in providing digital mobility services. This demographic encompasses car-sharing companies, digital platform providers, and technology suppliers that facilitate these services, including software for vehicle connectivity and positioning technologies.

International trade is undergoing profound transformation. The liberalization paradigm that characterized much of the twentieth century has given way to renewed tariff conflicts, systemic disruptions caused by war and geopolitical rivalry, and mounting pressures to align trade with sustainability objectives. These shifts underscore the urgent need to re-examine the intellectual and policy foundations of global commerce in light of twenty-first century realities. This book offers a comprehensive, interdisciplinary analysis of these emerging dynamics.Drawing on contributions from legal scholars, economists, and political scientists across Europe, Asia, and North America, it traces the historical evolution of tariffs, evaluates the far-reaching consequences of the conflicts in MENA, Ukraine, and Russia, and examines the challenges posed by central bank digital currencies to established trade mechanisms. It further investigates the U.S.-China trade confrontation as a case of enduring techno-economic rivalry, the paradoxes of sustainability in mineral-based global value chains, and the regulatory tensions between market liberalisation and national sovereignty. The book examines critical mineral supply chains through a geoeconomic lens, focusing on how states and corporations leverage control over extraction, processing, and manufacturing stages to secure strategic advantage. It offers novel insights into European vulnerabilities in rare earth supply, insolvency harmonisation, and investment regulation. Together, these chapters provide an integrated perspective on the forces redefining trade law, policy, and practice. It explores the impact of digital currency regulation on international trade, with particular regard to the legal status of central banks.This book will be of particular interest to academics, researchers, and graduate students in international economics, law, and political science, as well as to policymakers and institutional actors concerned with the future of global trade governance.

International trade is undergoing profound transformation. The liberalization paradigm that characterized much of the twentieth century has given way to renewed tariff conflicts, systemic disruptions caused by war and geopolitical rivalry, and mounting pressures to align trade with sustainability objectives. These shifts underscore the urgent need to re-examine the intellectual and policy foundations of global commerce in light of twenty-first century realities. This book offers a comprehensive, interdisciplinary analysis of these emerging dynamics.Drawing on contributions from legal scholars, economists, and political scientists across Europe, Asia, and North America, it traces the historical evolution of tariffs, evaluates the far-reaching consequences of the conflicts in MENA, Ukraine, and Russia, and examines the challenges posed by central bank digital currencies to established trade mechanisms. It further investigates the U.S.-China trade confrontation as a case of enduring techno-economic rivalry, the paradoxes of sustainability in mineral-based global value chains, and the regulatory tensions between market liberalisation and national sovereignty. The book examines critical mineral supply chains through a geoeconomic lens, focusing on how states and corporations leverage control over extraction, processing, and manufacturing stages to secure strategic advantage. It offers novel insights into European vulnerabilities in rare earth supply, insolvency harmonisation, and investment regulation. Together, these chapters provide an integrated perspective on the forces redefining trade law, policy, and practice. It explores the impact of digital currency regulation on international trade, with particular regard to the legal status of central banks.This book will be of particular interest to academics, researchers, and graduate students in international economics, law, and political science, as well as to policymakers and institutional actors concerned with the future of global trade governance.

This book provides a comprehensive examination of the key legal issues related to the implementation of digital servitisation in mobility business models, focusing particularly on autonomous vehicles. The investigation explores three primary areas of concern.Firstly, it analyses the role of autonomous vehicles within digital servitisation mobility business models, addressing the legal classification of these vehicles and the implications of swarm intelligence. This book informs the evaluation of legal relationships between entities that create value through digital mobility services and the underlying technologies, particularly in relation to autonomous vehicles.Secondly, it considers the legal status and rights of customers in various capacities, including drivers, passengers, and consumers of transportation services provided by autonomous vehicles offering digital service options. Distinguishing these aspects is crucial, as customers are the ultimate beneficiaries of the product-service systems linked to the deployment of autonomous vehicles. Given the complex and multi-stakeholder landscape surrounding these vehicles, customers are exposed to potential risks, especially concerning privacy protection, cybersecurity, and the effective enforcement of consumer rights.The third area highlights the resources required to implement digital business models, including digital platforms. Digital platforms are integral to the ecosystem of entities that create and deliver digital mobility services. Their market position necessitates the establishment of appropriate legal regulations to mitigate their influence.This book is aimed at academic researchers and students, as well as legal professionals associated with vehicle manufacturers and their partners engaged in providing digital mobility services. This demographic encompasses car-sharing companies, digital platform providers, and technology suppliers that facilitate these services, including software for vehicle connectivity and positioning technologies.

This book provides a comprehensive examination of the key legal issues related to the implementation of digital servitisation in mobility business models, focusing particularly on autonomous vehicles. The investigation explores three primary areas of concern.Firstly, it analyses the role of autonomous vehicles within digital servitisation mobility business models, addressing the legal classification of these vehicles and the implications of swarm intelligence. This book informs the evaluation of legal relationships between entities that create value through digital mobility services and the underlying technologies, particularly in relation to autonomous vehicles.Secondly, it considers the legal status and rights of customers in various capacities, including drivers, passengers, and consumers of transportation services provided by autonomous vehicles offering digital service options. Distinguishing these aspects is crucial, as customers are the ultimate beneficiaries of the product-service systems linked to the deployment of autonomous vehicles. Given the complex and multi-stakeholder landscape surrounding these vehicles, customers are exposed to potential risks, especially concerning privacy protection, cybersecurity, and the effective enforcement of consumer rights.The third area highlights the resources required to implement digital business models, including digital platforms. Digital platforms are integral to the ecosystem of entities that create and deliver digital mobility services. Their market position necessitates the establishment of appropriate legal regulations to mitigate their influence.This book is aimed at academic researchers and students, as well as legal professionals associated with vehicle manufacturers and their partners engaged in providing digital mobility services. This demographic encompasses car-sharing companies, digital platform providers, and technology suppliers that facilitate these services, including software for vehicle connectivity and positioning technologies.