Christoph A. Schalley - Böcker

Details the many benefits of applying mass spectrometry to supramolecular chemistry Except as a method for the most basic measurements, mass spectrometry (MS) has long been considered incompatible with supramolecular chemistry. Yet, with today's methods, the disconnect between these two fields is not warranted. Mass Spectrometry and Gas-Phase Chemistry of Non-Covalent Complexes provides a convincing look at how modern MS techniques offer supramolecular chemists a powerful investigatory toolset.Bringing the two fields together in an interdisciplinary manner, this reference details the many different topics associated with the study of non-covalent complexes in the gas phase. The text begins with brief introductions to supramolecular chemistry and such relevant mass spectrometric methods as ionization techniques, analyzers, and tandem MS experiments. The coverage continues with: How the analyte's transition into the gas phase changes covalent bonding How limitations and pitfalls in analytical methods may produce data misinterpretations Artificial supramolecular aggregates and their examination Biomolecules, their complexes, and their examination After the general remarks making up the first section of the book, the following sections describe specific experimental procedures and are illustrated with numerous examples and short tutorials. Detailed citations end each chapter. Mass spectrometrists, supramolecular chemists, students in these fields, and interested readers from other disciplines involving the study of non-covalent bonds will all value Mass Spectrometry and Gas-Phase Chemistry of Non-Covalent Complexes as an innovative and practical resource.

Mass spectrometers are used by almost all chemists and many researchers from neighboring disciplines such as physics,medicine,or biology as a powerful a- lytical tool. Its advantages are high sensitivity,speed,and almost no sample c- sumption. During the last two decades,mass spectrometry experienced a boom of new developments pushing its limits further and further at an increasing speed - just similar to the progress in NMR spectroscopy in the 1970s. However,a mass spectrometer does not only serve as a machine for solving complicated analytical problems,it evolved meanwhile to a complete laboratory for the investigation of molecules,clusters,and other species under the envir- ment-free conditions of the highly diluted gas phase. These special conditions existing only in high vacuum change the properties of the particles under study significantly with respect to their energetics and reaction pathways. For ex- ple,temperature is a macroscopic property of a large ensemble of particles in thermal equilibrium and is thus not defined for a single ion. This fact has severe implications for the measurement of kinetic and thermodynamic data of g- phase species.On the other hand,the examination of gas-phase properties has the advantage that systems reduced to minimum complexity can be studied more easily without the complicated influences of solvents or counterions. In parti- lar, the combination of isotopic labeling and mass spectrometry allows for a detailed analysis of reaction mechanisms or conformational analysis through H/D exchange experiments not only on biomolecules.

with contributions by numerous experts

With contributions by numerous experts

with contributions by numerous experts

Dendrimers stand within the focus of quite an interdisciplinary area of research: Metallodendrimers bring inorganic chemistry into play. Organic synthesis c- tributes much to the preparation of dendrimers, which are then studied by various physicochemical methods such as small angle neutron scattering, photochemistry, and many others. The relation to macromolecules is straig- forward, but their routine use in biochemistry, e. g. , as gene transfection vectors may be less obvious. Al1 these different aspects have been combined in the Topics tetralogy in order to provide an overview as broad as possible in this fascinating field of chemistry. The fourth and final issue in the series starts with a chapter by Chow on the synthesis of dendritic oligoethers, which represent polypodands soluble in many solvents. Two contributions deal with dendrimers based on the "le- than-covalent" bond. While metal coordination as described in the review by Reinhoudt still employs rather strong bonds with bond energies close to co- lent bonds, Zimmerman's overview comprises dendrimers that self-assemble via weak forces such as hydrogen bonding.Biologic activity is one of the major topics in Lindhorst's overview of glycodendrimers, which have become a useful tool for the study of carbohydrate-protein interactions and multivalency. The article by Hirsch on fullerenes containing dendrimers provides extensive inf- mation on their properties as new materials. Finally, function again is a major topic, when catalysis (van Koten) is achieved using dendrimers.

The?rsttwovolumesinthis"TemplatesinChemistry"serieshavefocused on templates that controlsolution-phase reactions. Among the templates d- cussed in these two volumes were convex and concave templates that mediate the formation of (macro)cyclic molecules and mechanically bound molecules withtheir intriguingintertwined topology.Also,three-dimensional templates that are used to imprint polymers and that organize compounds in the solid state for predestined reactions have been included in the earlier volumes. In the present volume, we extend thetemplate topologytosurfaces that act asmatricesforthecontrolledgrowthoftwo-dimensionalarrays.Naturally,the typical methods for the characterization of surfaces such as scanning probe microscopyare prominently represented in this volume. Differentlateralinteractionssuchascoordinativebondsorhydrogenbo- ing play a major role in assembling the 2D networks on surfaces in addition to the interaction of the samples with the underlying substrates.Many p- nomena that are also encountered in solution can be directly visualized on surfaces: Reversible self-assembly processes lead to the formation of large structures through multiple recognition of small building blocks and cul- nate in the engineering of crystals in two dimensions. Self-sorting processes drive the formation of highly ordered arrays through the geometric ?t of the available components. Either the surface itself is the template, for example, when clusters grow on metal oxide ?lms, or colloidal templates control the formationof macroporousnetworksonthe substrate. This volume highlightsa selection of actual complementary aspects of s- facetemplates.Webelievethatthescopeandthevarietyoftopicscoveredinthis volume will attract readers fromdifferent communities such as supramole- larchemistry,materialsciences,surfacechemistry,surfacephysicsandsurface technologyandwehopetheywillenjoythisnewvolumeonTemplatesinCh- istry.

Mass spectrometers are used by almost all chemists and many researchers from neighboring disciplines such as physics,medicine,or biology as a powerful a- lytical tool. Its advantages are high sensitivity,speed,and almost no sample c- sumption. During the last two decades,mass spectrometry experienced a boom of new developments pushing its limits further and further at an increasing speed - just similar to the progress in NMR spectroscopy in the 1970s. However,a mass spectrometer does not only serve as a machine for solving complicated analytical problems,it evolved meanwhile to a complete laboratory for the investigation of molecules,clusters,and other species under the envir- ment-free conditions of the highly diluted gas phase. These special conditions existing only in high vacuum change the properties of the particles under study significantly with respect to their energetics and reaction pathways. For ex- ple,temperature is a macroscopic property of a large ensemble of particles in thermal equilibrium and is thus not defined for a single ion. This fact has severe implications for the measurement of kinetic and thermodynamic data of g- phase species.On the other hand,the examination of gas-phase properties has the advantage that systems reduced to minimum complexity can be studied more easily without the complicated influences of solvents or counterions. In parti- lar, the combination of isotopic labeling and mass spectrometry allows for a detailed analysis of reaction mechanisms or conformational analysis through H/D exchange experiments not only on biomolecules.

with contributions by numerous experts

With contributions by numerous experts

with contributions by numerous experts

Dendrimers stand within the focus of quite an interdisciplinary area of research: Metallodendrimers bring inorganic chemistry into play. Organic synthesis c- tributes much to the preparation of dendrimers, which are then studied by various physicochemical methods such as small angle neutron scattering, photochemistry, and many others. The relation to macromolecules is straig- forward, but their routine use in biochemistry, e. g. , as gene transfection vectors may be less obvious. Al1 these different aspects have been combined in the Topics tetralogy in order to provide an overview as broad as possible in this fascinating field of chemistry. The fourth and final issue in the series starts with a chapter by Chow on the synthesis of dendritic oligoethers, which represent polypodands soluble in many solvents. Two contributions deal with dendrimers based on the "le- than-covalent" bond. While metal coordination as described in the review by Reinhoudt still employs rather strong bonds with bond energies close to co- lent bonds, Zimmerman's overview comprises dendrimers that self-assemble via weak forces such as hydrogen bonding.Biologic activity is one of the major topics in Lindhorst's overview of glycodendrimers, which have become a useful tool for the study of carbohydrate-protein interactions and multivalency. The article by Hirsch on fullerenes containing dendrimers provides extensive inf- mation on their properties as new materials. Finally, function again is a major topic, when catalysis (van Koten) is achieved using dendrimers.

The?rsttwovolumesinthis"TemplatesinChemistry"serieshavefocused on templates that controlsolution-phase reactions. Among the templates d- cussed in these two volumes were convex and concave templates that mediate the formation of (macro)cyclic molecules and mechanically bound molecules withtheir intriguingintertwined topology.Also,three-dimensional templates that are used to imprint polymers and that organize compounds in the solid state for predestined reactions have been included in the earlier volumes. In the present volume, we extend thetemplate topologytosurfaces that act asmatricesforthecontrolledgrowthoftwo-dimensionalarrays.Naturally,the typical methods for the characterization of surfaces such as scanning probe microscopyare prominently represented in this volume. Differentlateralinteractionssuchascoordinativebondsorhydrogenbo- ing play a major role in assembling the 2D networks on surfaces in addition to the interaction of the samples with the underlying substrates.Many p- nomena that are also encountered in solution can be directly visualized on surfaces: Reversible self-assembly processes lead to the formation of large structures through multiple recognition of small building blocks and cul- nate in the engineering of crystals in two dimensions. Self-sorting processes drive the formation of highly ordered arrays through the geometric ?t of the available components. Either the surface itself is the template, for example, when clusters grow on metal oxide ?lms, or colloidal templates control the formationof macroporousnetworksonthe substrate. This volume highlightsa selection of actual complementary aspects of s- facetemplates.Webelievethatthescopeandthevarietyoftopicscoveredinthis volume will attract readers fromdifferent communities such as supramole- larchemistry,materialsciences,surfacechemistry,surfacephysicsandsurface technologyandwehopetheywillenjoythisnewvolumeonTemplatesinCh- istry.