The roots of this book, and of the new research field that it defines, lie in the scaling of VLSI technology. With gigahertz system clocks and ever­ accelerating design and process innovations, interconnects have become the limiting factor for both performance and density. This increasing impact of interconnects on the system implementation space necessitates new tools and analytic techniques to support the system designer. With respect to modeling and analysis, the response to interconnect dom­ inance is evolutionary. Atomistic- and grain-level models of interconnect structure, and performance models at multi-gigahertz operating frequencies, together guide the selection of improved materials and process technologies (e. g. , damascene copper wires, low-permittivity dielectrics). Previously in­ significant effects (e. g. , mutual inductance) are added into performance mod­ els, as older approximations (e. g. , lumped-capacitance gate load models) are discarded. However, at the system-level and chip planning level, the necessary response to interconnect dominance is revolutionary. Convergent design flows do not require only distributed RLC line models, repeater awareness, unifi­ cations with extraction and analysis, etc. Rather, issues such as wiring layer assignment, and early prediction of the resource and performance envelope for the system interconnect (in particular, based on statistical models of the system interconnect structure), also become critical. Indeed, system-level interconnect prediction has emerged as the enabler of improved interconnect modeling, more cost-effective system architectures, and more productive design technology.

The roots of this book, and of the new research field that it defines, lie in the scaling of VLSI technology. With gigahertz system clocks and ever­ accelerating design and process innovations, interconnects have become the limiting factor for both performance and density. This increasing impact of interconnects on the system implementation space necessitates new tools and analytic techniques to support the system designer. With respect to modeling and analysis, the response to interconnect dom­ inance is evolutionary. Atomistic- and grain-level models of interconnect structure, and performance models at multi-gigahertz operating frequencies, together guide the selection of improved materials and process technologies (e. g. , damascene copper wires, low-permittivity dielectrics). Previously in­ significant effects (e. g. , mutual inductance) are added into performance mod­ els, as older approximations (e. g. , lumped-capacitance gate load models) are discarded. However, at the system-level and chip planning level, the necessary response to interconnect dominance is revolutionary. Convergent design flows do not require only distributed RLC line models, repeater awareness, unifi­ cations with extraction and analysis, etc. Rather, issues such as wiring layer assignment, and early prediction of the resource and performance envelope for the system interconnect (in particular, based on statistical models of the system interconnect structure), also become critical. Indeed, system-level interconnect prediction has emerged as the enabler of improved interconnect modeling, more cost-effective system architectures, and more productive design technology.

The roots of this book, and of the new research field that it defines, lie in the scaling of VLSI technology. With gigahertz system clocks and ever­ accelerating design and process innovations, interconnects have become the limiting factor for both performance and density. This increasing impact of interconnects on the system implementation space necessitates new tools and analytic techniques to support the system designer. With respect to modeling and analysis, the response to interconnect dom­ inance is evolutionary. Atomistic- and grain-level models of interconnect structure, and performance models at multi-gigahertz operating frequencies, together guide the selection of improved materials and process technologies (e. g. , damascene copper wires, low-permittivity dielectrics). Previously in­ significant effects (e. g. , mutual inductance) are added into performance mod­ els, as older approximations (e. g. , lumped-capacitance gate load models) are discarded. However, at the system-level and chip planning level, the necessary response to interconnect dominance is revolutionary. Convergent design flows do not require only distributed RLC line models, repeater awareness, unifi­ cations with extraction and analysis, etc. Rather, issues such as wiring layer assignment, and early prediction of the resource and performance envelope for the system interconnect (in particular, based on statistical models of the system interconnect structure), also become critical. Indeed, system-level interconnect prediction has emerged as the enabler of improved interconnect modeling, more cost-effective system architectures, and more productive design technology.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Applied Reconfigurable Computing. Architectures, Tools, and Applications, ARC 2025, held in Seville, Spain, during April 9–11, 2025. The 12 full papers presented in this book together with 1 short paper from the technical program were carefully reviewed and selected from 40 submissions.ARC 2025 covers a wide range of topics, including hardware acceleration, security and fault tolerance, energy-efficient architectures, and emerging applications in artificial intelligence and high-performance computing. The symposium fostered collaboration and pushed the boundaries of state-of-the-art research.

The roots of this book, and of the new research field that it defines, lie in the scaling of VLSI technology. With gigahertz system clocks and ever­ accelerating design and process innovations, interconnects have become the limiting factor for both performance and density. This increasing impact of interconnects on the system implementation space necessitates new tools and analytic techniques to support the system designer. With respect to modeling and analysis, the response to interconnect dom­ inance is evolutionary. Atomistic- and grain-level models of interconnect structure, and performance models at multi-gigahertz operating frequencies, together guide the selection of improved materials and process technologies (e. g. , damascene copper wires, low-permittivity dielectrics). Previously in­ significant effects (e. g. , mutual inductance) are added into performance mod­ els, as older approximations (e. g. , lumped-capacitance gate load models) are discarded. However, at the system-level and chip planning level, the necessary response to interconnect dominance is revolutionary. Convergent design flows do not require only distributed RLC line models, repeater awareness, unifi­ cations with extraction and analysis, etc. Rather, issues such as wiring layer assignment, and early prediction of the resource and performance envelope for the system interconnect (in particular, based on statistical models of the system interconnect structure), also become critical. Indeed, system-level interconnect prediction has emerged as the enabler of improved interconnect modeling, more cost-effective system architectures, and more productive design technology.

The roots of this book, and of the new research field that it defines, lie in the scaling of VLSI technology. With gigahertz system clocks and ever­ accelerating design and process innovations, interconnects have become the limiting factor for both performance and density. This increasing impact of interconnects on the system implementation space necessitates new tools and analytic techniques to support the system designer. With respect to modeling and analysis, the response to interconnect dom­ inance is evolutionary. Atomistic- and grain-level models of interconnect structure, and performance models at multi-gigahertz operating frequencies, together guide the selection of improved materials and process technologies (e. g. , damascene copper wires, low-permittivity dielectrics). Previously in­ significant effects (e. g. , mutual inductance) are added into performance mod­ els, as older approximations (e. g. , lumped-capacitance gate load models) are discarded. However, at the system-level and chip planning level, the necessary response to interconnect dominance is revolutionary. Convergent design flows do not require only distributed RLC line models, repeater awareness, unifi­ cations with extraction and analysis, etc. Rather, issues such as wiring layer assignment, and early prediction of the resource and performance envelope for the system interconnect (in particular, based on statistical models of the system interconnect structure), also become critical. Indeed, system-level interconnect prediction has emerged as the enabler of improved interconnect modeling, more cost-effective system architectures, and more productive design technology.

The roots of this book, and of the new research field that it defines, lie in the scaling of VLSI technology. With gigahertz system clocks and ever­ accelerating design and process innovations, interconnects have become the limiting factor for both performance and density. This increasing impact of interconnects on the system implementation space necessitates new tools and analytic techniques to support the system designer. With respect to modeling and analysis, the response to interconnect dom­ inance is evolutionary. Atomistic- and grain-level models of interconnect structure, and performance models at multi-gigahertz operating frequencies, together guide the selection of improved materials and process technologies (e. g. , damascene copper wires, low-permittivity dielectrics). Previously in­ significant effects (e. g. , mutual inductance) are added into performance mod­ els, as older approximations (e. g. , lumped-capacitance gate load models) are discarded. However, at the system-level and chip planning level, the necessary response to interconnect dominance is revolutionary. Convergent design flows do not require only distributed RLC line models, repeater awareness, unifi­ cations with extraction and analysis, etc. Rather, issues such as wiring layer assignment, and early prediction of the resource and performance envelope for the system interconnect (in particular, based on statistical models of the system interconnect structure), also become critical. Indeed, system-level interconnect prediction has emerged as the enabler of improved interconnect modeling, more cost-effective system architectures, and more productive design technology.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Applied Reconfigurable Computing. Architectures, Tools, and Applications, ARC 2025, held in Seville, Spain, during April 9–11, 2025. The 12 full papers presented in this book together with 1 short paper from the technical program were carefully reviewed and selected from 40 submissions.ARC 2025 covers a wide range of topics, including hardware acceleration, security and fault tolerance, energy-efficient architectures, and emerging applications in artificial intelligence and high-performance computing. The symposium fostered collaboration and pushed the boundaries of state-of-the-art research.