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This monumental book traces the origins and development of mathematics in the ancient Middle East, from its earliest beginnings in the fourth millennium BCE to the end of indigenous intellectual culture in the second century BCE when cuneiform writing was gradually abandoned. Eleanor Robson offers a history like no other, examining ancient mathematics within its broader social, political, economic, and religious contexts, and showing that mathematics was not just an abstract discipline for elites but a key component in ordering society and understanding the world. The region of modern-day Iraq is uniquely rich in evidence for ancient mathematics because its prehistoric inhabitants wrote on clay tablets, many hundreds of thousands of which have been archaeologically excavated, deciphered, and translated. Drawing from these and a wealth of other textual and archaeological evidence, Robson gives an extraordinarily detailed picture of how mathematical ideas and practices were conceived, used, and taught during this period. She challenges the prevailing view that they were merely the simplistic precursors of classical Greek mathematics, and explains how the prevailing view came to be. Robson reveals the true sophistication and beauty of ancient Middle Eastern mathematics as it evolved over three thousand years, from the earliest beginnings of recorded accounting to complex mathematical astronomy. Every chapter provides detailed information on sources, and the book includes an appendix on all mathematical cuneiform tablets published before 2007.
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Ancient Knowledge Networks is a book about how knowledge travels, in minds and bodies as well as in writings. It explores the forms knowledge takes and the meanings it accrues, and how these meanings are shaped by the peoples who use it.
Addressing the relationships between political power, family ties, religious commitments and literate scholarship in the ancient Middle East of the first millennium BC, Eleanor Robson focuses on two regions where cuneiform script was the predominant writing medium: Assyria in the north of modern-day Syria and Iraq, and Babylonia to the south of modern-day Baghdad. She investigates how networks of knowledge enabled cuneiform intellectual culture to endure and adapt over the course of five world empires until its eventual demise in the mid-first century BC. In doing so, she also studies Assyriological and historical method, both now and over the past two centuries, asking how the field has shaped and been shaped by the academic concerns and fashions of the day. Above all, Ancient Knowledge Networks is an experiment in writing about ?Mesopotamian science?, as it has often been known, using geographical and social approaches to bring new insights into the intellectual history of the world?s first empires.
Praise for Ancient Knowledge Networks
'In this important new book, Eleanor Robson offers a rich and fascinating sketch of cuneiform intellectual culture in Assyria and Babylonia from the late thirteenth century through the second half of the first millennium BC. ...The book will be of interest not only to specialists in ancient Near Eastern studies but also to ancient historians and archaeologists studying other world areas and eras in which ancient writing systems developed.' American Antiquity 'A thoughtful, well written, modern approach to the study of cuneiform culture. An essential read for those of us studying any aspect of cuneiform writing.' Archaeological Review from Cambridge
'This is an engaging volume that takes an original approach to understanding the agents of knowledge networks and the social, geographical and cultural factors that shaped them.'Antiquity
'The second chapter ...is a useful chapter for students and scholars of the Ancient Near East ... Arguments are based on excellent studies of archives and salient observations about ancient communities elucidated from scanty but revealing evidence. Where the book innovates, however, is in tying all of these scholars and knowledge together.' Journal of Near Eastern Studies
'The book complicates and humanises the categories that have streamlined the study of cuneiform scholarship. In its own words, this is a book about ?how knowledge travels? through the people who carry it, their writings, their responsibilities and their benefactors ? human and divine. It animates the lives of scholars through their movements, their works and the movements of their works, until the end of cuneiform culture in Babylon and Uruk. Ancient Knowledge Networks is a study of the history of knowledge that restores context to text ? an invaluable re-evaluation of the sources to the modern scholars of Assyria and Babylonia.'History Today
'Eleanor Robson?s Ancient Knowledge Networks offers a fascinating portrait of the social and geographical life of cuneiform scholarship, scribal learning, or ?up?arrutu. It examines high cuneiform culture in the terms of the texts' own taxonomies of knowledge, while taking full account of relevant archaeological evidence and employing micro- and macro-geographical analysis. A lucid presentation of new ideas concerning the Assyrian and Babylonian first-millennium intelligentsia and their patrons, Ancient Knowledge Networks is a book for cuneiformists as well as non-specialist readers outside the ancient Middle Eastern fields.'Francesca Rochberg, University of California, Berkeley