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Launched in 1998, this series (formerly entitled Benefit Systems and Work Incentives) addresses the complicated interactions of tax and benefit systems for different family types and labour market situations and their impact on household incomes and financial work incentives for an average production worker.This new edition provides detailed descriptions of all cash benefits available to those in and out of work as well as the taxes they were liable to pay across OECD countries during both 2001 and 2002. Total household incomes and their components are calculated for a range of family types and employment situations. The results are used to examine financial incentives to work, either part-time or full-time, as well as the extent to which social benefits prevent income poverty for those without a job. This book also provides a detailed description of the personal tax systems of each OECD country.

Lance en 1998, cette srie (auparavant intitule Systmes de prestations et incitations autravail) examine les interactions complexes entre la fiscalit et le rgime de prestations pour diffrentes catgories de familles ayant diffrents statuts au regard du march du travail, ainsi que leur impact sur le revenu des mnages et les incitations financires au travail. Cette nouvelle dition donne une description dtaille de l'ensemble des prestations en espces accessibles aux personnes ayant un emploi et aux personnes sans emploi, et des impts dont elles taient passibles dans les pays de l'OCDE en 2001 et 2002. Le revenu total des mnages et ses composantes ont t calculs pour diffrentes catgories de familles et situations au regard de l'emploi. Les rsultats obtenus permettent d'analyser les incitations financires au travail, temps partiel ou temps plein, et la mesure dans laquelle les prestations sociales prviennent l'apparition de la pauvret montaire pour ceux qui sont privs d'emploi. Cet ouvrage fournit galement une description dtaille des systmes d'imposition des mnages pour chaque pays de l'OCDE.

Cette publication presente les recommandations concernant le cadre conceptuel du compte satellite du tourisme qui a ete defini par un groupe de travail intersecretariats reuni par la Division de statistique des Nations Unies, avec la participation de l'Office statistique des Communautes europeennes, de l'Organisation de cooperation et de developpement economiques et de l'Organisation mondiale du tourisme. Ces trois organismes feront le necessaire pour promouvoir la mise en A uvre des recommandations dans leurs pays membres. Les recommandations ont ete approuvees par la Commission de statistique a sa trente-et-unieme session, en 2000.

This Handbook is a guide for constructing and using composite indicators for policy makers, academics, the media and other interested parties. While there are several types of composite indicators, this Handbook is concerned with those which compare and rank country performance in areas such as industrial competitiveness, sustainable development, globalization and innovation. The Handbook aims to contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of composite indicators and to an improvement of the techniques currently used to build them. In particular, it contains a set of technical guidelines that can help constructors of composite indicators to improve the quality of their outputs.It has been prepared jointly by the OECD (the Statistics Directorate and the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry) and the Applied Statistics and Econometrics Unit of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission in Ispra, Italy.

This is the first study of the Value-Added Tax (VAT) systems of the ten countries of Central and Eastern Europe preparing for integration into the European Union (EU). The study offers a comparative evaluation of the main features of the VAT systems between the ten countries surveyed and provides a commentary on the development of the VAT systems in line with the VAT legislation of the EU.

Robust SME sectors are critical to the prosperity of the six Western Balkan economies and Turkey, accounting for over 70% of those employed in the business sector and generating 65% of value added in these seven economies. Yet their potential remains untapped, as SMEs across the region grapple with numerous challenges that hamper their growth and productivity. They are still under-represented in international trade, and their contributions to value-added remain comparatively low as they have difficulties in moving or expanding into high value-added activities. This report provides a comprehensive overview of the implementation of the ten principles of the Small Business Act for Europe (SBA) in the seven EU pre-accession economies over the period 2016-18. It monitors progress against similar assessments performed over the past decade and identifies the outstanding challenges affecting SMEs. It also provides targeted recommendations to remove barriers to SME development and unleashing their potential for driving inclusive economic growth.

This ssessment of SME policy frameworks in eastern partnership countries helps support SME policy development in the eastern partnership countries through identification of strong and weak points in SME policy elaboration and implementation.

Part I of this book provides a comparative overview across the region for SME policy development in 10 thematic areas. Part II provides a series of country profiles presenting analysis of the particular situation of the SME sector and the SME policy environment in every partner country. Part III provides a comparative overview across the region on the level of SME policy development in 10 thematic areas at the sub-national levels and provides country-specific analysis of the particular situation of the SME sector and the SME policy environment in every partner country at sub-national level. Annexes provide a list of abbreviations, an assessment grid and a list of SBA coordinators.

This report presents evidence-based analysis on Ireland's higher education transformation process towards an innovative, interconnected and multidisciplinary entrepreneurial system, designed to empower its students and staff to demonstrate enterprise, innovation and creativity in teaching, research and societal engagement. Using the OECD-European Commission HEInnovate guidance for the entrepreneurial and innovative higher education institution, the report assesses strategies and practices for entrepreneurship and innovation in Ireland's higher education institutions and the systemic support provided by government. Higher education institutions play a critical role in Ireland's economy and innovation system, which is based on a strong and growing engagement agenda with industry and local communities, the emergence of new learning environments and strong multidisciplinary research teams. This report offers practical recommendations on how Ireland can enhance and sustain the outcomes.

Presents recommendations for the design of the tourism satellite account that was established by an inter-secretariat working group that included the United Nations Statistics Division, with the participation of the Statistical Office of the European Communities, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Tourism Organisation. These three bodies will promote the implementation of the recommendations in their member countries. The recommendations were approved by the Statistical Commission at its thirty-first session in 2000.

As ageing societies are pushing a growing number of frail old people into needing care, delivering quality long-term care services - care that is safe, effective, and responsive to needs - has become a priority for governments. Yet much still remains to be done to enhance evidence-based measurement and improvement of quality of long-term care services across EU and OECD countries. This book offers evidence and examples of useful experiences to help policy makers, providers and experts measure and improve the quality of long-term care services.

The Missing Entrepreneurs 2014 is the second edition in a series of annual reports that provide data and policy analysis on inclusive entrepreneurship, and on its barriers, by target social groups across the European Union. Inclusive entrepreneurship involves business start-ups and self-employment activities that contribute to economic growth and social inclusion - notably of youth, women, seniors, immigrants and the unemployed. In addition to inspiring policy practices, this issue contains special thematic chapters on entrepreneurship by ethnic minorities, pro-entrepreneurship welfare support systems and support for entrepreneurship from unemployment.

This publication gathers the papers presented at the "e;OECD-EU dialogue on mobility and international migration: matching economic migration with labour market needs"e; (Brussels, 24-25 February 2014), a conference jointly organised by the European Commission and the OECD. It provides new evidence on the role that international migration has played in Europe and in selected other OECD countries over the past decade in terms of labour force; educational attainment; and occupational changes. It analyses the availability and use of migrants' skills based on an in-depth literature review as well as new data analyses for Europe and the United States, Canada and the OECD as a whole, taking advantage of the International Survey of Adult Skills - PIAAC. Finally, several chapters discuss the potential role of international migration in meeting current and future labour market needs in Europe, in the United States and in the European Union. This work shows that although migration can make an important contribution to labour force growth, its role in counterbalancing the effects of population ageing will depend on the capacity of countries to match labour needs to migrants' characteristics.

Cette publication presente de nouvelles illustrations de l'influence des migrations internationales en Europe et dans quelques autres pays de l'OCDE sur la population active ; sur les niveaux d'education ; et sur l'evolution de la distribution des professions au cours de la derniere decennie. Elle analyse les competences dont disposent les migrants et la facon dont elles sont utilisees sur la base d'une revue approfondie de la litterature ; et presente de nouvelles analyses des donnees europeennes et americaines , canadiennes et de l'OCDE en general en se basant sur les donnees de l'Evaluation des competences des adultes - PIAAC. Enfin, plusieurs chapitres discutent du role que les migrations internationales pourraient jouer pour repondre aux besoins de main-d'oeuvre presents et futurs en Europe, aux Etats-Unis et dans l'Union europeenne. Ces travaux montrent que si les migrations peuvent contribuer de facon importante a l'accroissement de la population active, leur capacite a contrer les effets du vieillissement de la population dependront de la capacite des pays a mettre en adequation les besoins en main-d'oeuvre avec les caracteristiques des migrants. Dans ce domaine, des efforts doivent etre realises pour mieux utiliser les competences des migrants et adapter les systemes de gestion des migrations de travail aux besoins des employeurs.

The Missing Entrepreneurs 2015 is the third edition in a series of annual reports that provide data and policy analysis on inclusive entrepreneurship. Inclusive entrepreneurship involves business start-up and self-employment activities that contribute to social inclusion as well as to economic growth, covering entrepreneurship activities by social groups such as youth, women, seniors, immigrants and the unemployed. The report contains data on the scale and scope of entrepreneurship and self-employment activities across EU Member States by social target groups, as well as the barriers they face. The report also contains special thematic chapters on supporting growth for entrepreneurs from disadvantaged and under-represented groups, effective coaching and mentoring, and the role of public procurement in supporting inclusive entrepreneurship. Each thematic chapter discusses current policy issues and challenges, and makes recommendations for EU policy makers. The report also provides inspiring policy-practice examples from each of the 28 EU Members.

This third edition of Health at a Glance: Europe presents a set of key indicators related to health status, determinants of health, health care resources and activities, quality of care, access to care, and health expenditure and financing in 35 European countries, including the 28 European Union member states, four candidate countries and three EFTA countries. The selection of indicators is based largely on the European Core Health Indicators (ECHI) shortlist, a set of indicators that has been developed to guide the reporting of health statistics in the European Union. This is complemented by additional indicators on quality of care, access to care and health expenditure, building on the OECD expertise in these areas. Compared with the previous edition, this third edition includes a greater number of ECHI indicators, reflecting progress in the availability of comparable data in the areas of non-medical determinants of health and access to care. It also includes a new chapter dedicated to access to care, including selected indicators on financial access, geographic access and timely access.

This joint publication by the OECD and the European Commission presents the first broad international comparison across all EU and OECD countries of the outcomes for immigrants and their children, through 27 indicators organised around five areas: Employment, education and skills, social inclusion, civic engagement and social cohesion (Chapters 5 to 12). Three chapters present detailed contextual information (demographic and immigrant-specific) for immigrants and immigrant households (Chapters 2 to 4). Two special chapters are dedicated to specific groups. The first group is that of young people with an immigrant background, whose outcomes are often seen as the benchmark for the success or failure of integration. The second group are third-country nationals in the European Union, who are the target of EU integration policy.

Die vorliegende Publikation ist die erste umfassende, auf Ebene aller EU- und OECD-Lander durchgefuhrte internationale Vergleichsstudie der Situation der Zuwanderer und ihrer Kinder. Sie ist das Ergebnis einer Kooperation zwischen der Europaischen Kommission (Generaldirektion Migration und Inneres) und der OECD-Abteilung Internationale Migration mit dem Ziel eines regelmaigen Monitoring vergleichbarer Integrationsindikatoren in den EU- und OECD-Landern. Dieser Bericht wurde mit finanzieller Unterstutzung der Europaischen Union erstellt.

Cette publication realisee conjointement par l'OCDE et la Commission europeenne presente la premiere grande comparaison internationale sur les resultats des immigres et de leurs enfants entre tous les pays de l'UE et de l'OCDE, au travers de 27 indicateurs d'integration organises autour de cinq grands themes: emploi, education et competences, inclusion sociale, citoyennete active et cohesion sociale (chapitres 5 a 12). Trois chapitres contextuels presentent les caracteristiques demographiques, celles specifiques a la population immigree ainsi que la composition des menages immigres (chapitre 2 a 4). Deux chapitres speciaux sont dedies a des groupes specifiques. Les jeunes issus de l'immigration, dont les resultats sont souvent pris comme reference pour evaluer le succes ou l'echec de l'integration, constituent le premier groupe. Le second groupe est forme par les ressortissants de pays tiers dans l'Union europeenne, et constitue un groupe cible des politiques d'integration de l'Union europeenne.

The SME Policy Index is a benchmarking tool designed for emerging economies to assess SME policy frameworks and monitor progress in policy implementation over time. The Index has been developed by the OECD in partnership with the European Commission, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and the European Training Foundation (ETF) in 2006. For the Eastern Partner Countries, the assessment framework is structured around the ten principles of the Small Business Act for Europe (SBA), providing a wide-range of pro-enterprise measures to guide the design and implementation of SME policies based on good practices promoted by the EU and the OECD. It is applied to the Eastern Partner Countries for the second time since 2012. The Index identifies strengths and weaknesses in policy design and implementation, allows for comparison across countries and measures convergence towards good practices and relevant policy standards. It aims to support governments in setting targets for SME policy development and to identify strategic priorities to further improve the business environment. It also helps to engage governments in policy dialogue and exchange good practices within the region and with OECD and EU members.

The Missing Entrepreneurs 2015 is the third edition in a series of annual reports that provide data and policy analysis on inclusive entrepreneurship. Inclusive entrepreneurship involves business start-up and self-employment activities that contribute to social inclusion as well as to economic growth, covering entrepreneurship activities by social groups such as youth, women, seniors, immigrants and the unemployed. The report contains data on the scale and scope of entrepreneurship and self-employment activities across EU Member States by social target groups, as well as the barriers they face. The report also contains special thematic chapters on supporting growth for entrepreneurs from disadvantaged and under-represented groups, effective coaching and mentoring, and the role of public procurement in supporting inclusive entrepreneurship. Each thematic chapter discusses current policy issues and challenges, and makes recommendations for EU policy makers. The report also provides inspiring policy-practice examples from each of the 28 EU Members.

The SME Policy Index is a benchmarking tool designed for emerging economies to assess SME policy frameworks and monitor progress in policy implementation over time. The Index has been developed by the OECD in partnership with the European Commission (EC), the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and the European Training Foundation (ETF) in 2006 for the Western Balkans. The South East European Centre for Entrepreneurial Learning (SEECEL) joined as an additional partner in 2014. The SME Policy Index has since 2006 been applied in four regions and nine assessment rounds overall. The SME Policy Index: Western Balkans and Turkey 2016 presents the results of the fourth assessment of the Small Business Act for Europe in the Western Balkans and, since 2012, Turkey. The assessment framework is structured around the ten principles of the Small Business Act for Europe (SBA). It provides a wide-range of pro-enterprise measures to guide the design and implementation of SME policies based on good practices promoted by the EU and the OECD. The Index identifies strengths and weaknesses in policy design, implementation and monitoring. It allows for comparison across countries and measures convergence towards good practices and relevant policy standards. It aims to support governments in setting targets for SME policy development and to identify strategic priorities to further improve the business environment. It also helps to engage governments in policy dialogue and exchange good practices within the region and with OECD and EU members.

This compendium contains 20 case studies of public programmes in European countries that are successfully supporting business creation by people from disadvantaged and under-represented groups in entrepreneurship. The populations targeted by these programmes include youth, women, seniors, the unemployed, immigrants, ethnic minorities and people with disabilities. Each programme description details the programme's activities and approach, assesses the challenges faced in development and implementation, and offers tips for successful transfer to other contexts. Public policy actions at national, regional and local levels can make an important contribution to economic growth and social inclusion by promoting business creation and self-employment by people who otherwise could remain outside of the mainstream of entrepreneurship. This compendium demonstrates that workable approaches exist and can help policy makers learn from each other's experiences to achieve widespread results.

This fourth edition of Health at a Glance: Europe presents key indicators of health and health systems in the 28 EU countries, 5 candidate countries to the EU and 3 EFTA countries. This 2016 edition contains two main new features: two thematic chapters analyse the links between population health and labour market outcomes, and the important challenge of strengthening primary care systems in European countries; and a new chapter on the resilience, efficiency and sustainability of health systems in Europe, in order to align the content of this publication more closely with the 2014 European Commission Communication on effective, accessible and resilient health systems. This publication is the result of a renewed collaboration between the OECD and the European Commission under the broader "e;State of Health in the EU"e; initiative, designed to support EU member states in their evidence-based policy making.

Social enterprises are long-standing agents of inclusive growth and democratisation of the economic and social spheres, and they have proved resilient to economic adversity all the while addressing socio-economic challenges in innovative ways, re-integrating people back to the labour market, and contributing to overall social cohesion. This compendium derives policy lessons for boosting social enterprises from the analysis of 20 initiatives in several EU member-countries, covering a range of policy areas from legal frameworks, finance, market access, and support structures, to education and skills.

This report presents evidence-based analysis on Poland's higher education transformation process towards an innovative, interconnected and multidisciplinary entrepreneurial system, designed to empower its students and staff to demonstrate enterprise, innovation and creativity in teaching, research and societal engagement. Using the OECD-European Commission HEInnovate guidance for the entrepreneurial and innovative higher education institution, the report assesses strategies and practices for entrepreneurship and innovation in Poland's higher education institutions and the systemic support provided by government. Higher education institutions play a critical role in Poland's economy and innovation system, which is based on a strong and growing engagement agenda with industry and local communities, the emergence of new learning environments and strong multidisciplinary research teams. This report offers practical recommendations on howPoland can enhance and sustain the outcomes.

This report presents evidence-based analysis of current strategies and practices in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Hungary towards a value-creating use of knowledge resources for innovation and entrepreneurship. The analysis and recommendations are highly relevant for policy makers and HEI leaders in other countries. Increased attention to innovation and entrepreneurship both from public policy actors and HEI leadership has triggered an incremental change process in the organisational culture of HEIs and a new approach to education and research for students and staff. HEInnovate is a joint initiative of the European Commission and the OECD to promote the innovative and entrepreneurial higher education institution across Europe and beyond (www.heinnovate.eu).