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32 produkter
32 produkter
Inbunden, Engelska, 2000
2 046 kr
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The field of psychological assessment has been undergoing rapid change. The second edition of this Handbook, published in 1990, appeared at the beginning of a decade marked by extensive advances in assessment in essentially all of its specialized areas. There are many new tests, new applications of established tests, and new test systems. Major revisions have appeared of established tests, notably the Wechsler intelligence scales. The time seemed right for a third edition, since even over the relatively brief period of ten years, many tests described in the second edition have been replaced, and are no longer commonly used. Furthermore, much new research in such areas as neuropsychology, cognitive science, and psychopathology have made major impacts on how many tests and other assessment procedures are used and interpreted. This third edition represents an effort to give the reader an overview of the many new developments in assessment, while still maintaining material on basic psychometric concepts in order for it to continue to serve as a comprehensive handbook for the student and professional.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20001 840 kr
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The field of psychological assessment has been undergoing rapid change. The second edition of this Handbook, published in 1990, appeared at the beginning of a decade marked by extensive advances in assessment in essentially all of its specialized areas. There are many new tests, new applications of established tests, and new test systems. Major revisions have appeared of established tests, notably the Wechsler intelligence scales. The time seemed right for a third edition, since even over the relatively brief period of ten years, many tests described in the second edition have been replaced, and are no longer commonly used. Furthermore, much new research in such areas as neuropsychology, cognitive science, and psychopathology have made major impacts on how many tests and other assessment procedures are used and interpreted. This third edition represents an effort to give the reader an overview of the many new developments in assessment, while still maintaining material on basic psychometric concepts in order for it to continue to serve as a comprehensive handbook for the student and professional.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2019
1 448 kr
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The fourth edition of the Handbook of Psychological Assessment, provides scholarly overviews of the major areas of psychological assessment, including test development, psychometrics, technology of testing, and commonly used assessment measures. Psychological assessment is included for all ages, with new coverage encompassing ethnic minorities and the elderly. Assessment methodology discussed includes formal testing, interviewing, and observation of behavior. The handbook also discusses assessment of personality and behavior, including intelligence, aptitude, interest, achievement, personality and psychopathology. New coverage includes use of assessments in forensic applications.
Encompasses test development, psychometrics, and assessment measures Covers assessment for all age groups Includes formal testing, interviews, and behavioral observation as testing measures Details assessments for intelligence, aptitude, achievement, personality, and psychopathology New coverage of assessments used in forensic psychology New coverage on assessments with ethnic minorities
E-bok
Engelska, 20192 053 kr
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The fourth edition of the Handbook of Psychological Assessment, provides scholarly overviews of the major areas of psychological assessment, including test development, psychometrics, technology of testing, and commonly used assessment measures. Psychological assessment is included for all ages, with new coverage encompassing ethnic minorities and the elderly. Assessment methodology discussed includes formal testing, interviewing, and observation of behavior. The handbook also discusses assessment of personality and behavior, including intelligence, aptitude, interest, achievement, personality and psychopathology. New coverage includes use of assessments in forensic applications.- Encompasses test development, psychometrics, and assessment measures- Covers assessment for all age groups- Includes formal testing, interviews, and behavioral observation as testing measures- Details assessments for intelligence, aptitude, achievement, personality, and psychopathology- New coverage of assessments used in forensic psychology- New coverage on assessments with ethnic minorities
Inbunden, Engelska, 1997
1 675 kr
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This volume reflects, in part, an update of Clinical Application of Neuropsycho logical Test Batteries, edited by Theresa Incagnoli, Gerald Goldstein, and Charles Golden some 10 years ago.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1998
2 231 kr
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In this volume of the series Human Brain Function: Assessment and Rehabilitation we cover the area of how brain function is assessed with behavioral or neuropsycholog ical instruments. These assessments are typically conducted by clinical neuropsy chologists or behavioral neurologists, and so we made an effort to present the somewhat differing approaches to these two related disciplines. Clinical neuropsy chologists are psychologists who typically utilize standardized tests, while behav ioral neurologists are physicians who generally assess brain function as part of the clinical neurological evaluation. Both approaches have much to offer. The basic assumption of neuropsychological assessment is that the brain is the organ of behavior, and therefore, the condition of the brain may be evaluated with behavioral measures. Neuropsychological tests are those measures found by re search to be particularly sensitive to alterations in brain function. An adequate neuropsychological test is a procedure that can be related to some objective mea sure of alteration in brain function. Over the years, these objective measures have changed, but generally involve documentation through direct observation of brain tissue, or through histological, pathological, neuroimaging, or other laboratory procedures. The methods described in the first two volumes of this series describe the neuroimaging procedures that are often used in the validation of neuropsycho logical tests.
Inbunden, Engelska, 1998
1 119 kr
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In this, the fourth and final volume in the series Human Brain Function, Goldstein and Beers outline how the different rehabilitation specialties assess brain function. Using straightforward explanations, the contributors not only cover the assessment approaches and methods used by each specialty, but uniquely expand this focus to describe evaluation and treatment planning for a variety of neurobehavioral disorders.Rehabilitation specialists and non-specialists alike will value the original scope and accessibility of this work.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2001
1 119 kr
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Learning disabilities is a subject that is usually associated with school-aged children where the research and intervention strategies are well known. Much less research has been done for assessing and diagnosing older adolescents and adults in this area. This work is an effort to provide a comprehensive review of what we know about certain of these disorders, specifically: language-based learning disorders; nonverbal learning disorders; high-functioning autism; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and mathematics disorders and how they manifest themselves in the later years of development and maturity. A chapter addresses each one of these disorders of learning. Included in each chapter is a discussion of historical perspectives, definitions and diagnostic criteria, incidence and prevalence data, comorbidity studies, pertinent research from all relevant fields of study, reasonable accommodations in academia as well as the workplace, and outcome data. This much-needed review will be of interest to clinicians in neuropsychology, educational psychology, and psychopharmacology.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20051 455 kr
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Learning disabilities is a subject that is usually associated with school-aged children where the research and intervention strategies are well known. Much less research has been done for assessing and diagnosing older adolescents and adults in this area. This work is an effort to provide a comprehensive review of what we know about certain of these disorders, specifically: language-based learning disorders; nonverbal learning disorders; high-functioning autism; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and mathematics disorders and how they manifest themselves in the later years of development and maturity. A chapter addresses each one of these disorders of learning. Included in each chapter is a discussion of historical perspectives, definitions and diagnostic criteria, incidence and prevalence data, comorbidity studies, pertinent research from all relevant fields of study, reasonable accommodations in academia as well as the workplace, and outcome data. This much-needed review will be of interest to clinicians in neuropsychology, educational psychology, and psychopharmacology.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2003
3 065 kr
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In one volume, the leading researchers in intelligence and neuropsychological assessment interpret the range of issues related to intellectual and neuropsychological tests, including test development and psychometrics, clinical applications, ethical and legal concerns, use with diverse populations, computerization, and the latest research. Clinicians and researchers who use these instruments will find this volume invaluable, as it contains the most comprehensive and up-to-date information available on this important aspect of practice.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20043 496 kr
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In one volume, the leading researchers in intelligence and neuropsychological assessment interpret the range of issues related to intellectual and neuropsychological tests, including test development and psychometrics, clinical applications, ethical and legal concerns, use with diverse populations, computerization, and the latest research. Clinicians and researchers who use these instruments will find this volume invaluable, as it contains the most comprehensive and up-to-date information available on this important aspect of practice.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2011
2 494 kr
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During the twentieth century, new neurobehavioral diseases appeared or were described for the first time. Exposure to certain toxins or noxious environments, for example, produced illnesses that did not exist before the twentieth century. In addition, established illnesses were reconceptualized with regard to their cause or neurobiological basis. Autism, for instance, was described for the first time during the twentieth century and may not have existed previously. Its cause was subsequently reconceptualized from a disorder related to inadequate parenting, to a brain disorder with possible genetic causes.These major new and reconceptualized disorders are reviewed in this book with regard to their neurocognitive characteristics, causes, and outcome. Disorders covered include ADHD in adults, Lewy Body Dementia, autism, multiple chemical sensitivity, deployment syndromes found in veterans of the Persian Gulf and Afghanistan wars, effects of low birth weight, neurobehavioral respiratory disorders, PTSD, and comorbid disorders such as depression and brain injury.The expert reviews of these disorders give balanced coverage of the ongoing and often controversial research findings that continue to generate much professional and public interest. This volume provides an essential resource for researchers, instructors, and clinicians in the fields of neuropsychology, psychiatry, behavioral neurology, neuroscience, toxicology, as well as the informed general public concerned and affected by these disorders.
E-bok
Engelska, 2011829 kr
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During the twentieth century, new neurobehavioral diseases appeared or were described for the first time. Exposure to certain toxins or noxious environments, for example, produced illnesses that did not exist before the twentieth century. In addition, established illnesses were reconceptualized with regard to their cause or neurobiological basis. Autism, for instance, was described for the first time during the twentieth century and may not have existed previously. Its cause was subsequently reconceptualized from a disorder related to inadequate parenting, to a brain disorder with possible genetic causes.
These major new and reconceptualized disorders are reviewed in this book with regard to their neurocognitive characteristics, causes, and outcome. Disorders covered include ADHD in adults, Lewy Body Dementia, autism, multiple chemical sensitivity, deployment syndromes found in veterans of the Persian Gulf and Afghanistan wars, effects of low birth weight, neurobehavioral respiratory disorders, PTSD, and comorbid disorders such as depression and brain injury.
The expert reviews of these disorders give balanced coverage of the ongoing and often controversial research findings that continue to generate much professional and public interest. This volume provides an essential resource for researchers, instructors, and clinicians in the fields of neuropsychology, psychiatry, behavioral neurology, neuroscience, toxicology, as well as the informed general public concerned and affected by these disorders.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 2011829 kr
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During the twentieth century, new neurobehavioral diseases appeared or were described for the first time. Exposure to certain toxins or noxious environments, for example, produced illnesses that did not exist before the twentieth century. In addition, established illnesses were reconceptualized with regard to their cause or neurobiological basis. Autism, for instance, was described for the first time during the twentieth century and may not have existed previously. Its cause was subsequently reconceptualized from a disorder related to inadequate parenting, to a brain disorder with possible genetic causes.
These major new and reconceptualized disorders are reviewed in this book with regard to their neurocognitive characteristics, causes, and outcome. Disorders covered include ADHD in adults, Lewy Body Dementia, autism, multiple chemical sensitivity, deployment syndromes found in veterans of the Persian Gulf and Afghanistan wars, effects of low birth weight, neurobehavioral respiratory disorders, PTSD, and comorbid disorders such as depression and brain injury.
The expert reviews of these disorders give balanced coverage of the ongoing and often controversial research findings that continue to generate much professional and public interest. This volume provides an essential resource for researchers, instructors, and clinicians in the fields of neuropsychology, psychiatry, behavioral neurology, neuroscience, toxicology, as well as the informed general public concerned and affected by these disorders.
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
1 119 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
In this, the fourth and final volume in the series Human Brain Function, Goldstein and Beers outline how the different rehabilitation specialties assess brain function. Using straightforward explanations, the contributors not only cover the assessment approaches and methods used by each specialty, but uniquely expand this focus to describe evaluation and treatment planning for a variety of neurobehavioral disorders.Rehabilitation specialists and non-specialists alike will value the original scope and accessibility of this work.
Häftad, Engelska, 2010
1 119 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
Learning disabilities is a subject that is usually associated with school-aged children where the research and intervention strategies are well known. Much less research has been done for assessing and diagnosing older adolescents and adults in this area. This work is an effort to provide a comprehensive review of what we know about certain of these disorders, specifically: language-based learning disorders; nonverbal learning disorders; high-functioning autism; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and mathematics disorders and how they manifest themselves in the later years of development and maturity. A chapter addresses each one of these disorders of learning. Included in each chapter is a discussion of historical perspectives, definitions and diagnostic criteria, incidence and prevalence data, comorbidity studies, pertinent research from all relevant fields of study, reasonable accommodations in academia as well as the workplace, and outcome data. This much-needed review will be of interest to clinicians in neuropsychology, educational psychology, and psychopharmacology.
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
1 119 kr
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This third volume of the Advances in Clinical Neuropsy chology series returns to the style of the first volume in that it contains contributions representing a diversity of areas. Within this diversity there are chapters covering specific disease entities of neuropsychological interest: cardiovascular diseases, Huntington's disease, head trauma in children, and hepatic encephalopathy. There are contributions in the area of neurobehavioral assessment; one involving the CT scan and the other the Luria-Ne braska Neuropsychologi cal Te st Ba ttery. Finally, there are several empirical reviews, including discussions of sex differences in brain function, the neuropsy chology of emotion, the relation between neuropsychological test results and patients' complaints of disability, and mechanisms of amnesia. Thus, this volume clearly continues the tradition established in previous volumes with regard to con~aining material that is both basic science and clinically oriented. The edi tors acknowledge the support of the Veterans Administration medical research program and the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. We also appreciate the participation and effort of the chapter authors. And finally, we must again express our gratitude to Kathy Lou Edwards for her outstanding editorial, text compos iting, and administrative efforts. February:, 1986 Gerald Goldstein, Ph.D. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Ralph E. Tarter, Ph.D.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20121 455 kr
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This third volume of the Advances in Clinical Neuropsy chology series returns to the style of the first volume in that it contains contributions representing a diversity of areas. Within this diversity there are chapters covering specific disease entities of neuropsychological interest: cardiovascular diseases, Huntington''s disease, head trauma in children, and hepatic encephalopathy. There are contributions in the area of neurobehavioral assessment; one involving the CT scan and the other the Luria-Ne braska Neuropsychologi cal Te st Ba ttery. Finally, there are several empirical reviews, including discussions of sex differences in brain function, the neuropsy chology of emotion, the relation between neuropsychological test results and patients'' complaints of disability, and mechanisms of amnesia. Thus, this volume clearly continues the tradition established in previous volumes with regard to con~aining material that is both basic science and clinically oriented. The edi tors acknowledge the support of the Veterans Administration medical research program and the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. We also appreciate the participation and effort of the chapter authors. And finally, we must again express our gratitude to Kathy Lou Edwards for her outstanding editorial, text compos iting, and administrative efforts. February:, 1986 Gerald Goldstein, Ph.D. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Ralph E. Tarter, Ph.D.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 2013710 kr
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Basic Issues in Rehabilitation of the Brain Damaged Definitions Because of the vagueness surrounding the term brain damage, it is nec essary at the outset to define the population to which this book may have some application. Although it is usual to speak of the brain damaged patient in a general way, the conditions referred to cover a variety of specific disorders. In this book we will be discussing only individuals who become brain-damaged as adults. We will be ad dressing ourselves specifically to adults who have sustained demon strable, structural brain damage. Those conditions in which brain dys function is a possible etiological agent, such as a number of functional psychiatric disorders, will not be considered. Thus the entire topic of mental retardation and early life brain damage will not be treated here, nor the many problems associated with minimal brain damage syn dromes in school age children. Modern psychiatric thinking has tended to blur the distinction between the so-called functional and organic disorders (d. Shagass, Gershon, & Friedhoff, 1977), but we would ad here to the view that the patient with structural brain damage contin ues to present relatively unique assessment and treatment problems. Furthermore, the emphasis of this book will be placed on individ uals with nonprogressive, chronic brain damage.
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
547 kr
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Basic Issues in Rehabilitation of the Brain Damaged Definitions Because of the vagueness surrounding the term brain damage, it is nec essary at the outset to define the population to which this book may have some application. Although it is usual to speak of the brain damaged patient in a general way, the conditions referred to cover a variety of specific disorders. In this book we will be discussing only individuals who become brain-damaged as adults. We will be ad dressing ourselves specifically to adults who have sustained demon strable, structural brain damage. Those conditions in which brain dys function is a possible etiological agent, such as a number of functional psychiatric disorders, will not be considered. Thus the entire topic of mental retardation and early life brain damage will not be treated here, nor the many problems associated with minimal brain damage syn dromes in school age children. Modern psychiatric thinking has tended to blur the distinction between the so-called functional and organic disorders (d. Shagass, Gershon, & Friedhoff, 1977), but we would ad here to the view that the patient with structural brain damage contin ues to present relatively unique assessment and treatment problems. Furthermore, the emphasis of this book will be placed on individ uals with nonprogressive, chronic brain damage.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2013
1 056 kr
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Cluster analysis is a multivariate classification technique that allows for identification of homogenous subgroups within diverse samples based on shared characteristics. In recent years, cluster analysis has been increasingly applied to psychological and neuropsychological variables to address a number of empirical questions. This book provides an overview of cluster analysis, including statistical and methodological considerations in its application to neurobehavioral variables. First, an introduction to cluster analysis is presented that emphasizes issues of relevance to neuropsychological research, including controversies surrounding it use. Cluster analysis is then applied to clinical disorders that do not have an associated prototypical neuropsychological profile, including traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and health problems associated with homelessness. In a second application, cluster analysis is used to investigate the course of normal memory development. Finally, cluster analysis is applied to classification of brain injury severity in children and adolescents who sustained traumatic brain injury.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20141 173 kr
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Cluster analysis is a multivariate classification technique that allows for identification of homogenous subgroups within diverse samples based on shared characteristics. In recent years, cluster analysis has been increasingly applied to psychological and neuropsychological variables to address a number of empirical questions. This book provides an overview of cluster analysis, including statistical and methodological considerations in its application to neurobehavioral variables. First, an introduction to cluster analysis is presented that emphasizes issues of relevance to neuropsychological research, including controversies surrounding it use. Cluster analysis is then applied to clinical disorders that do not have an associated prototypical neuropsychological profile, including traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and health problems associated with homelessness. In a second application, cluster analysis is used to investigate the course of normal memory development. Finally, cluster analysis is applied to classification of brain injury severity in children and adolescents who sustained traumatic brain injury.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 2013732 kr
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Clinical neuropsychology has become a field of major prominence dur ing the past several years, as well as a field of great complexity. As a result of the extensive amount of activity that neuropsychology has experienced recently, two major developments have emerged. First, several approaches have evolved regarding comprehensive neuro psychological assessment. There are presently several standard test bat teries in common use, as well as an approach to assessment that does not make use of standard batteries, but rather fits the evaluation accom plished to the particular diagnostic problems presented by the indi vidual patient. Second, a great deal of specialization has emerged, with assessment procedures developed for evaluation of specific types of neuropsychological deficit. The purpose of this volume is to review these developments, particularly with reference to their implications for application in clinical settings. The history of this book''s development is of particular interest. Some years ago, the Veterans Administration became concerned with developing an optimal method of neuropsychological assessment for its many health-care related facilities. Initially, the problem was con ceptualized in terms of whether the VA should encourage wider use of the long-established Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (HRB) or promote more extensive use of the recently developed Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Test Battery (LNNB). A conference was funded to bring together authorities in clinical neuropsychology to dis cuss this matter and present a series of papers to invited psychologists from various VA facilities.
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
563 kr
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Clinical neuropsychology has become a field of major prominence dur ing the past several years, as well as a field of great complexity. As a result of the extensive amount of activity that neuropsychology has experienced recently, two major developments have emerged. First, several approaches have evolved regarding comprehensive neuro psychological assessment. There are presently several standard test bat teries in common use, as well as an approach to assessment that does not make use of standard batteries, but rather fits the evaluation accom plished to the particular diagnostic problems presented by the indi vidual patient. Second, a great deal of specialization has emerged, with assessment procedures developed for evaluation of specific types of neuropsychological deficit. The purpose of this volume is to review these developments, particularly with reference to their implications for application in clinical settings. The history of this book's development is of particular interest. Some years ago, the Veterans Administration became concerned with developing an optimal method of neuropsychological assessment for its many health-care related facilities. Initially, the problem was con ceptualized in terms of whether the VA should encourage wider use of the long-established Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (HRB) or promote more extensive use of the recently developed Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Test Battery (LNNB). A conference was funded to bring together authorities in clinical neuropsychology to dis cuss this matter and present a series of papers to invited psychologists from various VA facilities.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20131 455 kr
Läs direkt efter köp
In this, the fourth and final volume in the series Human Brain Function, Goldstein and Beers outline how the different rehabilitation specialties assess brain function. Using straightforward explanations, the contributors not only cover the assessment approaches and methods used by each specialty, but uniquely expand this focus to describe evaluation and treatment planning for a variety of neurobehavioral disorders. Rehabilitation specialists and non-specialists alike will value the original scope and accessibility of this work.
Engelska, 2013
665 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20132 105 kr
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This volume reflects, in part, an update of Clinical Application of Neuropsycho logical Test Batteries, edited by Theresa Incagnoli, Gerald Goldstein, and Charles Golden some 10 years ago. While the initial concept of the present editors involved doing a straightforward update of each chapter, it soon became apparent that the field of clinical neuropsychology had changed so dramatically and rapidly that substantial changes in the outline had to be made. It was our view that sufficient interest remained in the standard comprehen sive neuropsychological test batteries to make an update worthwhile. We asked four senior people to take on this assignment, James Moses, Jr. , andAmold Purisch in the case of the Luria-Nebraska Battery, and James Reed and Homer Reed for the Halstead-Reitan Battery. These individuals all have long-term associations with these procedures and can be viewed as pioneers in their development. How ever, it also seemed to us that there was an increasing interest in the psychometric aspects of the standard procedures and in assessment issues related to the relative merits of using standard or individualized assessment strategies. Thus, we have chapters by Elbert Russell and Gerald Goldstein that provide discussions of these current methodological and clinical issues. During the past 10 years, the cognitive revolution has made a strong impact on neuropsychology. The interest of cognitive psychologists in brain function has increased dramatically, and we now have an active field of cognitive neuropsy chology, something that was only beginning 10 years ago.
Engelska, 2013
665 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
Häftad, Engelska, 2013
1 675 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This volume reflects, in part, an update of Clinical Application of Neuropsycho logical Test Batteries, edited by Theresa Incagnoli, Gerald Goldstein, and Charles Golden some 10 years ago. While the initial concept of the present editors involved doing a straightforward update of each chapter, it soon became apparent that the field of clinical neuropsychology had changed so dramatically and rapidly that substantial changes in the outline had to be made. It was our view that sufficient interest remained in the standard comprehen sive neuropsychological test batteries to make an update worthwhile. We asked four senior people to take on this assignment, James Moses, Jr. , andAmold Purisch in the case of the Luria-Nebraska Battery, and James Reed and Homer Reed for the Halstead-Reitan Battery. These individuals all have long-term associations with these procedures and can be viewed as pioneers in their development. How ever, it also seemed to us that there was an increasing interest in the psychometric aspects of the standard procedures and in assessment issues related to the relative merits of using standard or individualized assessment strategies. Thus, we have chapters by Elbert Russell and Gerald Goldstein that provide discussions of these current methodological and clinical issues. During the past 10 years, the cognitive revolution has made a strong impact on neuropsychology. The interest of cognitive psychologists in brain function has increased dramatically, and we now have an active field of cognitive neuropsy chology, something that was only beginning 10 years ago.
E-bok
PDF, Engelska, 20132 925 kr
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In this volume of the series Human Brain Function: Assessment and Rehabilitation we cover the area of how brain function is assessed with behavioral or neuropsycholog ical instruments. These assessments are typically conducted by clinical neuropsy chologists or behavioral neurologists, and so we made an effort to present the somewhat differing approaches to these two related disciplines. Clinical neuropsy chologists are psychologists who typically utilize standardized tests, while behav ioral neurologists are physicians who generally assess brain function as part of the clinical neurological evaluation. Both approaches have much to offer. The basic assumption of neuropsychological assessment is that the brain is the organ of behavior, and therefore, the condition of the brain may be evaluated with behavioral measures. Neuropsychological tests are those measures found by re search to be particularly sensitive to alterations in brain function. An adequate neuropsychological test is a procedure that can be related to some objective mea sure of alteration in brain function. Over the years, these objective measures have changed, but generally involve documentation through direct observation of brain tissue, or through histological, pathological, neuroimaging, or other laboratory procedures. The methods described in the first two volumes of this series describe the neuroimaging procedures that are often used in the validation of neuropsycho logical tests.