Gerrit Bos – författare

This volume is part of a wider project aiming at mapping the technical medical terminology as it features in medieval Hebrew medical works, especially those terms that do not feature in the current dictionaries at all, or insufficiently. In this way the author hopes to facilitate the consultation of these and other medical works and the identification of anonymous medical material. The volume covers Hebrew translations of Hippocrates' Medical Aphorisms, one of the most popular medical works in the ancient and medieval world. These translations range from a translation from Latin from the late twelfth century (by Do'eg ha-Edomi), to translations from the Arabic and/or Latin from the thirteenth-fifteenth centuries (by Moses Ibn Tibbon, Hillel of Verona, Nathan ha-Me?ati, Zera?yah ?en, Judah Shalom, and an anonymous author) and to a translation from the Greek (by Joseph Delmedigo) from the seventeenth century. The volume is a continuation to two earlier volumes published by OUP in 2011 (JSS Supplement 27) and 2013 (JSS Supplement 30), in which the author foremost sketched novel terminology coined by major Hebrew translators of the thirteenth century.

The current collective volume has two major objectives: 1) to map the medical terminology featuring in medieval Hebrew medical works translated in the thirteenth century, especially those terms that do not feature in the current dictionaries at all or in an insufficient way and thus facilitating consultation of these medical works; 2) to specify the medical terminology used by specific authors/translators and thus facilitating the identification of anonymous medical material. Unfortunately, the terminology in medieval Hebrew medical literature, both original works and translations, has been sorely neglected by modern research. Moreover, it is virtually lacking in the standard dictionaries for the Hebrew language, such as Ha-Millon he-h?adash composed by Abraham Even-Shoshan. The only medieval medical work to which Even-Shoshan refers is the Hebrew translation of Ibn Si?na?'s K. al-Qa?nu?n by Nathan ha- Me'ati; and even those references are indirect, having been borrowed from the dictionary composed by Ben Yehuda. Ben Yehuda's dictionary is indeed the only one containing a certain number of medical terms. However, it needs to be revised since it does not make a consequent use of the limited sources registered in the introduction. The only dictionary exclusively devoted to medical terms, both medieval and modern, is that by Masie, entitled 'Dictionary of Medicine and Allied Sciences'. However, just like the dictionary by Ben Yehuda it only makes an occasional use of the sources registered in the introduction and only rarely differentiates between the various medieval translators. Further, since Masie's work is alphabetised according to the Latin or English term, it cannot be consulted for Hebrew terms.

First published in 2000. Due to the author’s ongoing interest in Ibn al-Jazzar's medical compendium, called Ziid al-musiifir wa-qiit al-/:la4ir (Provisions for the Traveller and Nourishment for the Sedentary) he would like to present to the reader a critical edition with translation and introduction of the section from Bk. 7, chs. 1-6 which deals with the different kinds of fevers. Such an edition is an urgent desideratum in the history of Islamic medicine, since so far none of the medical works of the Islamic physicians dealing with fevers has been published in a critical edition and translation.

First Published in 1999. Man has always tried to find effective ways to predict the weather. Simple predictions from meteorological phenomena or from the constellations rising in the sky can be found attributed to Aristotle, and in Varro, Pliny, Ptolemy, and the parapêgmata of Classical times. However, the particular cultural situation of Baghdad in the mid-ninth century encouraged the production of what can be regarded as the first scientific treatises on weather forecasting. These are two 'letters' of the 'Philosopher of the Arabs', Ya'qüb ibn Ishãq al-Kindi (ca 800-ca. 870), who combines at least three traditions of weather forecasting: the native Arabic agricultural tradition, Greek Aristotelian meteorology, and scientific astrology. This volume sketches the history of weather forecasting from ancient times through to the Early Modern period, and places the two letters of al-Kindi in their historical and intellectual context. The original Arabic text of al-Kindi's letters has not been discovered, but the work is known through two Hebrew translations, and an independent Latin version, made directly from the Arabic, in which the two letters have been combined into one treatise. All these texts are edited here, together with an annotated English translation of the principal Hebrew version and a detailed commentary. This book not only adds to our knowledge concerning al-Kindi, but is also the first study devoted exclusively to medieval weather forecasting—a topic which, from the evidence of the number of texts and manuscripts, had a significant place in medieval scientific and social culture.

First published in 2000. Due to the author’s ongoing interest in Ibn al-Jazzar's medical compendium, called Ziid al-musiifir wa-qiit al-/:la4ir (Provisions for the Traveller and Nourishment for the Sedentary) he would like to present to the reader a critical edition with translation and introduction of the section from Bk. 7, chs. 1-6 which deals with the different kinds of fevers. Such an edition is an urgent desideratum in the history of Islamic medicine, since so far none of the medical works of the Islamic physicians dealing with fevers has been published in a critical edition and translation.

Medieval synonym literature is a comprehensive field, which, as a text genre, has not received due attention in philological scholarship until now. This volume contains the first critical edition of Book 29 of Shem Tov ben Isaac's Sefer ha-Shimmush and a lexicological analysis of the medico-botanical terms in the first of the two synonym lists of this book. The Sefer ha-Shimmush was compiled in Southern France in the middle of the thirteenth century. The list edited in this volume consists of Hebrew or Aramaic lemmas, which are glossed by Arabic, Latin and Romance (Old Occitan and, in part, Old Catalan) synonyms written in Hebrew characters. Containing over 700 entries, this edition is one of the most extensive glossaries of its kind. It gives scholars a wide overview of the formation of medieval medical terminology in the Romance languages and Hebrew, as well as within the Arabic and Latin traditions.

The lore of the supposed magic and medical virtue of stones goes back to the Babylonians and peaks out in the lapidary literature of the Middle Ages. The famous work of Marbode of Rennes, which made lapidaries a very popular type of medieval scientific literature, was translated into numerous vernacular languages. The Jewish tradition, missing a particular lapidary literature of its own, absorbed non-Jewish works like that of Marbode. Several Anglo-Norman Marbode translations could be identified as the main source of the present edited Hebrew lapidary Ko’aḥ ha-Avanim, written by Berakhyah Ben Natronai ha-Nakdan around 1300. The edition is accompanied by an English translation, a source study, and a linguistic analysis of the Romance, mostly Anglo-Norman, terms featuring within the text in Hebrew spelling.

Galen's impact on Islamic civilization, mainly on medicine but also on physics and philosophy, was enormous. His most important books were mediated through "summaries" which not only shortened, but in some cases also revised Galenic teachings. Several versions of these summaries exist, and their appreciation is critical for a proper understanding of the development of medieval science. This book presents the first editions, translations, and studies of the remaining summaries to On Critical Days. In Galenic theory, fevers develop towards a crisis which will determine the fate of a patient. The cycle of crisis is known through observation, but the search for the cause leads Galen and his later interpreters into the fields of astrology, arithmology, and more.

This volume is part of a wider project aiming at mapping the technical medical terminology as it features in medieval Hebrew medical works, especially those terms that do not feature in the current dictionaries at all, or insufficiently. In this way the author hopes to facilitate the consultation of these and other medical works and the identification of anonymous medical material. The terminology discussed in this volume has been derived from three primary and seven secondary sources. The primary sources are: (1) Sefer Ṣedat ha-Derakhim – Moses Ibn Tibbon’s translation of Ibn al-Jazzār’s Zād al-musāfir, bks. 1–2; (2) Sefer ha-Shimmush – Shem Tov Ben Isaac’s Hebrew translation of al-Zahrāwī’s Kitāb al-taṣrīf; (3) Sefer ha-Qanun – Nathan ha-Meʾati’s Hebrew translation of the first book of Ibn Sīnā’s K. al-Qānūn.

The terminology in medieval Hebrew medical literature (original works and translations) has been sorely neglected by modern research. Medical terminology is virtually missing from the standard dictionaries of the Hebrew language, including Ha-Millon he-ḥadash, composed by Abraham Even-Shoshan. Ben-Yehuda’s dictionary is the only one that contains a significant number of medical terms. Unfortunately, Ben-Yehuda’s use of the medieval medical texts listed in the dictionary’s introduction is inconsistent at best. The only dictionary exclusively devoted to medical terms, both medieval and modern, is that by A.M. Masie, entitled Dictionary of Medicine and Allied Sciences. However, like the dictionary by Ben-Yehuda, it only makes occasional use of the sources registered in the introduction and only rarely differentiates between the various medieval translators. Further, since Masie’s work is alphabetized according to the Latin or English term, it cannot be consulted for Hebrew terms. The Historical Dictionary of the Hebrew Language, which is currently being created by the Academy of the Hebrew Language, has not been taken into account consistently as it is not a dictionary in the proper sense of the word. Moreover, consultation of this resource suggests that it is generally deficient in medieval medical terminology. The Bar Ilan Responsa Project has also been excluded as a source, despite the fact that it contains a larger number of medieval medical terms than the Historical Dictionary.The present dictionary has two major objectives: 1) to map the medical terminology featured in medieval Hebrew medical works, in order to facilitate study of medical terms, especially those terms that do not appear in the existing dictionaries, and terms that are inadequately represented. 2) to identify the medical terminology used by specific authors and translators, to enable the identification of anonymous medical material.

The original Arabic text of Maimonides’ major medical work, Medical Aphorisms, was critically edited and translated into English by Gerrit Bos in the years 2004-2017, and published in earlier volumes of the book series The Medical Works of Moses Maimonides. The present work is a new critical edition of the medieval Hebrew translation by Nathan ha-Meʾati, who was active as a translator of scientific texts in Rome in the late thirteenth century, where his colleague Zeraḥyah Ḥen had completed a translation of the same Maimonidean text in 1277, only a few years earlier. Nathan aimed to provide the general reader with a translation that was easier to understand than Zeraḥyah's translation. The present critical edition of Nathan’s translation is primarily based on MS Paris, BN, héb. 1174, and not on MS Paris, BN, héb. 1173, used by Suessmann Muntner for his edition in 1959, as this copy suffers from many mistakes and corruptions.

With A Glimpse into Medical Practice among Jews around 1500: Latin-German Pharmaceutical Glossaries in Hebrew Characters extant in Ms Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek, Cod. Or. 4732/1 (SCAL 15), fols. 1a–17b, Gerrit Bos and Klaus-Dietrich Fischer present an edition of two unique medieval lists of medico-botanical terms in Latin and German, written in Hebrew characters. Jewish physicians probably used these kinds of lists for the acquisition of pharmaceuticals they needed for the preparation of medicines. The edition with a total of 568 entries features transcriptions from the Hebrew, tables and indexes of the analysed terms in a regularized form, and a facsimile of the Leiden manuscript.Many of the German plant names featuing in the edition are not listed in the otherwise monumental reference work Wörterbuch der deutschen Pflanzennamen (Dictionary of German Plant Names) by the German botanist Heinrich Marzell. This testifies to the value of these glossaries for further research. It is also useful to see which Latin forms were in current use at the time of creation of the edition.

This volume is both a continuation of the four already published titles in the series (2011–19) and an addition to the Concise Dictionary of Novel Medical and General Hebrew Terminology from the Middle Ages. It continues mapping the medical terminology featured in medieval Hebrew medical works in order to facilitate study of medical terms that do not appear in the existing dictionaries, as well as identifying the medical terminology used by specific authors and translators in order to identify anonymous medical material.The terminology discussed in this volume has been derived from fourteen different sources, including translations of Ibn al-Jazzār’s Zād al-musāfir by Moses ibn Tibbon (Sefer Ṣedat ha-Derakhim) and the otherwise unknown Abraham ben Isaac (Sefer Ṣedah la-Oreḥim), as well as the translation of Constantine the Africanʼs Latin version (Viaticum) prepared by Do’eg ha-Edomi (Sefer Yaʾir Netiv).

This edition contains the collected English translations of the series The Medical Works of Moses Maimonides (17 vols., 2002–2021) that were published by Gerrit Bos in parallel critical editions along with the original Arabic texts. The collection offers three main medical treatises by Maimonides (1138–1204) (Medical Aphorisms; Commentary on Hippocrates’ Aphorisms; On Poisons and the Protection against Lethal Drugs and six minor ones (On Coitus; On the Regimen of Health; On the Elucidation of Some Symptoms and the Response to Them; On Hemorrhoids; On Asthma; On Rules Regarding the Practical Part of the Medical Art, presented for the first time in one harmonized volume, supplemented by indexes of diseases, medicinal ingredients, and quoted physicians.

This volume is both a continuation of the five already published titles in the series (2011–21) and an addition to the Concise Dictionary of Novel Medical and General Hebrew Terminology from the Middle Ages. It continues mapping the medical terminology featured in medieval Hebrew medical works in order to facilitate study of medical terms that do not appear in the existing dictionaries as well as identifying the medical terminology used by specific authors and translators in order to identify anonymous medical material.The terminology discussed in this volume has been derived from fourteen different sources, including translations of Ibn al-Jazzār’s Zād al-musāfir by Moses ibn Tibbon (Sefer Ṣedat ha-Derakhim) and the otherwise unknown Abraham ben Isaac (Sefer Ṣedah la-Oreḥim), as well as the translation of Constantine the Africanʼs Latin version (Viaticum) prepared by Do’eg ha-Edomi (Sefer Yaʾir Netiv).

This volume is both a continuation of the six already published titles in the series (2021-23) and an addition to the Concise Dictionary of Novel Medical and General Hebrew Terminology from the Middle Ages. It continues mapping the medical terminology features in medieval Hebrew medical woks in order to facilitate study of medical terms that do not appear in the existing dictionaries as well as identifying the medical terminology used by specific authors and translators in order to identify anonymous medical material. The terminology discussed in this volume has been derived from ten different sources, including translations from Ibn Sīnā’s K. al-Qānūnby Nathan ha-Meʾati, Zeraḥyah Ḥen, and two anonymous authors. Further it contains terminology from the Maʾamar ba-Haqqazah, an anonymous Hebrew translation of Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī’s K. fī al-faṣd, as well as from an anonymous translation of Guy de Chauliacʼs Inventarium sive Chirurgia Magna.