Neutrality serves different purposes during times of war and peace. ‘Notions of Neutralities’ portrays those historical challenges that neutrals faced, and are still facing, to maintain some form of economic stability and political order as chaos and wars rage. Neutrals are exposed to existential issues and questions of civil-society, international politics, and morality, in a world defiant to principles of universal peace. Every age has its own armed conflicts and while the questions they raise are often the same, the answers are different because the international word order changes. Is neutrality justifiable even when the humanity of civilization is at risk as in the Second World War or the wars of the post-Cold War era? Can those who refuse the call to arms still act by providing humanitarian services to contain the impact of war or, on the contrary, are neutrals shut-off from global politics – mere weaklings that “suffer what they must?"This book addresses such questions through an interdisciplinary scholarship by some of the world’s foremost experts on neutrality. Twelve chapters tackle different but profound aspects of the concept over a span of five hundred years. They succinctly show the evolution of international norms in the context of war and peace. What is more, the essays portray fundamental categories of thinking about a variety of neutralities that the international system has produced in the past and present. The authors discuss the complexities of neutrality, providing a new and refreshing understanding of international relations and security for the past as well as for the multipolar world of the twenty-first century.

The collapse of the Soviet Union and the wars in Yugoslavia radically changed the security environment in Europe and Central Asia. Some predictions assumed the emerging unipolarity of the liberal world order would end neutrality policies in East and West, but, as this volume shows, this was not the case. While some traditional Cold War neutrals like Sweden and Finland have been edging closer to security alignment with western institutions, there are others like Austria, Switzerland, Ireland, and Malta that remained committed to their traditional nonaligned foreign policy approaches. More importantly, there are areas of Eurasia that developed new forms of neutrality policies, most of them only noticed on the margins of academic discourse. This is the first book to systematically explore this “new neutralism” of the Post-Cold War. In part one, the book analyzes contemporary neutrality discourse on several levels like international organizations (UN, ASEAN), diplomacy, and academic theory. Part two discusses neutrality-related policy developments in Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Serbia, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Mongolia. Together, the 15 chapters show how on this vast, connected landmass references to neutrality have remained a staple of international politics.

Turkish-American relations have been considered a model partnership between a great and middle power during the Cold War due to the positive nature of relations, being advantageous to both sides. While the United States took advantage of Türkiye’s geopolitical position and military strength against the USSR, Türkiye benefited from American economic power and military technology. However, with the end of the Cold War and the emergence of new regional and global developments, a stable framework to clarify and shape Turkish-American relations has not yet been crafted. Additionally, crises such as the non-approval of the 1 March memorandum in 2003 to support the American war effort in Iraq and the 15 July 2016 coup attempt in Türkiye further distanced these two historical allies. To discuss these issues frankly and to provide some suggestions to improve the two countries’ relations in many different regions/fields including Syria, Iraq, the Eastern Mediterranean, the Caucasus, the defense industry, the energy sector, and much more; Turkish-American Relations in the 21st Century aims to bring important experts on Turkish foreign policy and Turkish-American relations together.

In this book, contributors go in-depth to analyze the ‘crime of aggression', 'crimes against humanity’ and their applicability in the context of the invasion of Ukraine. The ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine brings the principles of Nuremberg to the forefront of discussions on justice, raising questions about the feasibility of Nuremberg-style accountability. The book touches upon the abduction of Ukrainian children and the destruction of Ukrainian cultural heritage. Contributors also discuss the topic of war crime tribunals after Nuremberg, including Timor and former Yugoslavia, as well as tribunals in Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and others leading up to the International Criminal Court (ICC). Including essays by Oleksandra Matviichuk, the Ukrainian Nobel Laureate, and Ambassador Dr. Anton Korynevych, Ukrainian minister and specialist in international law, this book considers the contemporary relevance of the Nuremberg principles in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

In this book, contributors go in-depth to analyze the 'crime of aggression', 'crimes against humanity' and their applicability in the context of the invasion of Ukraine. The ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine brings the principles of Nuremberg to the forefront of discussions on justice, raising questions about the feasibility of Nuremberg-style accountability. The book touches upon the abduction of Ukrainian children and the destruction of Ukrainian cultural heritage. Contributors also discuss the topic of war crime tribunals after Nuremberg, including Timor and former Yugoslavia, as well as tribunals in Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and others leading up to the International Criminal Court (ICC). Including essays by Oleksandra Matviichuk, the Ukrainian Nobel Laureate, and Ambassador Dr. Anton Korynevych, Ukrainian minister and specialist in international law, this book considers the contemporary relevance of the Nuremberg principles in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

This collection examines the theory, practice, and application of state neutrality in international relations. With a focus on its modern-day applications, the studies in this volume analyze the global implications of permanent neutrality for Taiwan, Russia, Ukraine, the European Union, and the United States. Exploring permanent neutrality’s role as a realist security model capable of rivaling collective security, the authors argue that permanent neutrality has the potential to decrease major security dilemmas on the global stage.

The essays in this book cover a fast-paced 150 years of Vatican diplomacy, starting from the fall of the Papal States in 1870 to the present day. They trace the transformation of the Vatican from a state like any other to an entity uniquely providing spiritual and moral sustenance in world affairs. In particular, the book details the Holy See’s use of neutrality as a tool and the principal statecraft in its diplomatic portmanteau. This concept of “permanent neutrality,” as codified in the Lateran Treaties of 1929, is a central concept adding to the Vatican's uniqueness and, as a result, the analysis of its policies does not easily fit within standard international relations or foreign policy scholarship. These essays consider in detail the Vatican’s history with “permanent neutrality” and its application in diplomacy toward delicate situations as, for instance, vis a vis Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Imperial Japan, but also in the international relations of the Cold War in debates about nuclear non-proliferation, or outreach toward the third world, including Cuba and Venezuela. The book also considers the ineluctable tension between pastoral teachings and realpolitik, as the church faces a reckoning with its history.

The essays in this book cover a fast-paced 150 years of Vatican diplomacy, starting from the fall of the Papal States in 1870 to the present day. They trace the transformation of the Vatican from a state like any other to an entity uniquely providing spiritual and moral sustenance in world affairs. In particular, the book details the Holy See’s use of neutrality as a tool and the principal statecraft in its diplomatic portmanteau. This concept of “permanent neutrality,” as codified in the Lateran Treaties of 1929, is a central concept adding to the Vatican's uniqueness and, as a result, the analysis of its policies does not easily fit within standard international relations or foreign policy scholarship. These essays consider in detail the Vatican’s history with “permanent neutrality” and its application in diplomacy toward delicate situations as, for instance, vis a vis Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Imperial Japan, but also in the international relations of the Cold War in debates about nuclear non-proliferation, or outreach toward the third world, including Cuba and Venezuela. The book also considers the ineluctable tension between pastoral teachings and realpolitik, as the church faces a reckoning with its history.

Neutrality serves different purposes during times of war and peace. ‘Notions of Neutralities’ portrays those historical challenges that neutrals faced, and are still facing, to maintain some form of economic stability and political order as chaos and wars rage. Neutrals are exposed to existential issues and questions of civil-society, international politics, and morality, in a world defiant to principles of universal peace. Every age has its own armed conflicts and while the questions they raise are often the same, the answers are different because the international word order changes. Is neutrality justifiable even when the humanity of civilization is at risk as in the Second World War or the wars of the post-Cold War era? Can those who refuse the call to arms still act by providing humanitarian services to contain the impact of war or, on the contrary, are neutrals shut-off from global politics – mere weaklings that “suffer what they must?"This book addresses such questions through an interdisciplinary scholarship by some of the world’s foremost experts on neutrality. Twelve chapters tackle different but profound aspects of the concept over a span of five hundred years. They succinctly show the evolution of international norms in the context of war and peace. What is more, the essays portray fundamental categories of thinking about a variety of neutralities that the international system has produced in the past and present. The authors discuss the complexities of neutrality, providing a new and refreshing understanding of international relations and security for the past as well as for the multipolar world of the twenty-first century.

The collapse of the Soviet Union and the wars in Yugoslavia radically changed the security environment in Europe and Central Asia. Some predictions assumed the emerging unipolarity of the liberal world order would end neutrality policies in East and West, but, as this volume shows, this was not the case. While some traditional Cold War neutrals like Sweden and Finland have been edging closer to security alignment with western institutions, there are others like Austria, Switzerland, Ireland, and Malta that remained committed to their traditional nonaligned foreign policy approaches. More importantly, there are areas of Eurasia that developed new forms of neutrality policies, most of them only noticed on the margins of academic discourse. This is the first book to systematically explore this “new neutralism” of the Post-Cold War. In part one, the book analyzes contemporary neutrality discourse on several levels like international organizations (UN, ASEAN), diplomacy, and academic theory. Part two discusses neutrality-related policy developments in Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Serbia, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Mongolia. Together, the 15 chapters show how on this vast, connected landmass references to neutrality have remained a staple of international politics.

Turkish-American relations have been considered a model partnership between a great and middle power during the Cold War due to the positive nature of relations, being advantageous to both sides. While the United States took advantage of Türkiye’s geopolitical position and military strength against the USSR, Türkiye benefited from American economic power and military technology. However, with the end of the Cold War and the emergence of new regional and global developments, a stable framework to clarify and shape Turkish-American relations has not yet been crafted. Additionally, crises such as the non-approval of the 1 March memorandum in 2003 to support the American war effort in Iraq and the 15 July 2016 coup attempt in Türkiye further distanced these two historical allies. To discuss these issues frankly and to provide some suggestions to improve the two countries’ relations in many different regions/fields including Syria, Iraq, the Eastern Mediterranean, the Caucasus, the defense industry, the energy sector, and much more; Turkish-American Relations in the 21st Century aims to bring important experts on Turkish foreign policy and Turkish-American relations together.

In this book, contributors go in-depth to analyze the ‘crime of aggression', 'crimes against humanity’ and their applicability in the context of the invasion of Ukraine. The ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine brings the principles of Nuremberg to the forefront of discussions on justice, raising questions about the feasibility of Nuremberg-style accountability. The book touches upon the abduction of Ukrainian children and the destruction of Ukrainian cultural heritage. Contributors also discuss the topic of war crime tribunals after Nuremberg, including Timor and former Yugoslavia, as well as tribunals in Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and others leading up to the International Criminal Court (ICC). Including essays by Oleksandra Matviichuk, the Ukrainian Nobel Laureate, and Ambassador Dr. Anton Korynevych, Ukrainian minister and specialist in international law, this book considers the contemporary relevance of the Nuremberg principles in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

In this book, contributors go in-depth to analyze the 'crime of aggression', 'crimes against humanity' and their applicability in the context of the invasion of Ukraine. The ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine brings the principles of Nuremberg to the forefront of discussions on justice, raising questions about the feasibility of Nuremberg-style accountability. The book touches upon the abduction of Ukrainian children and the destruction of Ukrainian cultural heritage. Contributors also discuss the topic of war crime tribunals after Nuremberg, including Timor and former Yugoslavia, as well as tribunals in Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and others leading up to the International Criminal Court (ICC). Including essays by Oleksandra Matviichuk, the Ukrainian Nobel Laureate, and Ambassador Dr. Anton Korynevych, Ukrainian minister and specialist in international law, this book considers the contemporary relevance of the Nuremberg principles in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

This collection examines the theory, practice, and application of state neutrality in international relations. With a focus on its modern-day applications, the studies in this volume analyze the global implications of permanent neutrality for Taiwan, Russia, Ukraine, the European Union, and the United States. Exploring permanent neutrality’s role as a realist security model capable of rivaling collective security, the authors argue that permanent neutrality has the potential to decrease major security dilemmas on the global stage.

The essays in this book cover a fast-paced 150 years of Vatican diplomacy, starting from the fall of the Papal States in 1870 to the present day. They trace the transformation of the Vatican from a state like any other to an entity uniquely providing spiritual and moral sustenance in world affairs. In particular, the book details the Holy See’s use of neutrality as a tool and the principal statecraft in its diplomatic portmanteau. This concept of “permanent neutrality,” as codified in the Lateran Treaties of 1929, is a central concept adding to the Vatican's uniqueness and, as a result, the analysis of its policies does not easily fit within standard international relations or foreign policy scholarship. These essays consider in detail the Vatican’s history with “permanent neutrality” and its application in diplomacy toward delicate situations as, for instance, vis a vis Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Imperial Japan, but also in the international relations of the Cold War in debates about nuclear non-proliferation, or outreach toward the third world, including Cuba and Venezuela. The book also considers the ineluctable tension between pastoral teachings and realpolitik, as the church faces a reckoning with its history.

The essays in this book cover a fast-paced 150 years of Vatican diplomacy, starting from the fall of the Papal States in 1870 to the present day. They trace the transformation of the Vatican from a state like any other to an entity uniquely providing spiritual and moral sustenance in world affairs. In particular, the book details the Holy See’s use of neutrality as a tool and the principal statecraft in its diplomatic portmanteau. This concept of “permanent neutrality,” as codified in the Lateran Treaties of 1929, is a central concept adding to the Vatican's uniqueness and, as a result, the analysis of its policies does not easily fit within standard international relations or foreign policy scholarship. These essays consider in detail the Vatican’s history with “permanent neutrality” and its application in diplomacy toward delicate situations as, for instance, vis a vis Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Imperial Japan, but also in the international relations of the Cold War in debates about nuclear non-proliferation, or outreach toward the third world, including Cuba and Venezuela. The book also considers the ineluctable tension between pastoral teachings and realpolitik, as the church faces a reckoning with its history.