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IAEA – författare

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542 produkter

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542 produkter

Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material
2025 Edition
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
881 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication is the latest edition of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-6, Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material. It is supported by seven IAEA Safety Guides which provide recommendations for meeting the requirements in SSR-6 to facilitate worldwide implementation. The regulations apply to the transport of radioactive material by all modes on land, water or in the air. Transport comprises the design, manufacture, maintenance and repair of packaging, and the preparation, consigning, loading, carriage including in-transit storage, shipment after storage, unloading and receipt at the final destination of loads of radioactive material and packages. These requirements form an integral part of regulations worldwide; therefore, SSR-6 and its associated Safety Guides are aimed at governments, competent authorities, and all organizations and individuals involved in the transport of radioactive material. These requirements are transcribed into the UN Model Regulations, which are subsequently transcribed into the IMDG Code by the International Maritime Organisation for shipment by sea, and into the Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air by the International Civil Aviation Organization. Both the IMDG Code and the ICAO Technical Instructions are globally implemented and mandatory. Land transport is the responsibility of the national government of each Member State, hence the SSR-6 requirements are adopted for national transport safety regulations for shipments on land.
Nyhet
Ageing Management and Maintenance of Packages for the Transport of Radioactive Material
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
676 kr
Skickas
Each package used for the transport of radioactive material must demonstrate compliance with the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-6, particularly for international shipments. This new safety guide provides recommendations to support compliance with the requirement related to the ageing of transport packages, specifically addressing ageing management and maintenance. The guide applies to all package types containing radioactive material–including excepted packages, Type IP-1, IP-2, and IP-3, Type A, Type B(U), Type B(M), and Type C packages, as well as those containing fissile material or uranium hexafluoride (UF6). It covers all activities throughout the service life of transport packages where ageing management and maintenance should be considered. A graded approach is used, tailored to the type of package and its intended use e.g. single transport, repeated use, or shipment after storage. Effective ageing management helps prevent degradation that could compromise package integrity, while regular maintenance ensures ongoing compliance with safety standards. These practices not only reduce the risk of incidents during transport but also support the long-term sustainability of transport activities, protect workers and the public, and reinforce confidence in regulatory compliance and operational excellence. This safety guide offers practical recommendations to support consistent and effective implementation, helping stakeholders strengthen the safety and reliability of transport operations involving radioactive material throughout the service life of packages.
Analysis and Modelling of Severe Accidents for Liquid Metal Fast Reactors
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
398 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
In March 2023, the IAEA organized a Technical Meeting on the Safety Approach for Liquid Metal Cooled Fast Reactors [LMFRs] and the Analysis and Modelling of Severe Accidents. This publication summarizes the material that was presented during this meeting, related to the analysis and modelling of severe LMFR accidents. It covers knowledge on the physical phenomena and the development of models and numerical tools, and their validation through experimental data related to the progression of severe accidents. This publication is intended for public and private sector organizations developing LMFRs, research facilities, organizations responsible for designing LMFRs, operators and contractors, including prospective operators, and regulatory bodies.
Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for Research Reactors
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
566 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This Safety Guide is a revision of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. NS-G-4.4, which it supersedes. The revised version provides specific recommendations on developing, formulating and presenting the operational limits and conditions as well as the operating procedures for research reactors, to meet the relevant requirements of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-3, Safety of Research Reactors. The recommendations in this publication are intended for use by operating organizations of research reactors, regulatory bodies and other relevant organizations involved in a research reactor project.
International Experience in the Regulation of Fusion Facilities
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
367 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
As global momentum towards fusion energy accelerates, this publication provides a timely and important overview of the international fusion regulatory landscape. It addresses the need for robust and harmonized frameworks by documenting the practices, technical capabilities, and future plans of IAEA Member States. Drawing on a wealth of experience from fusion facilities worldwide, this document identifies common regulatory issues and proposes key priority areas for consideration of the development of new national regulations. Designed for regulatory bodies, policymakers, and fusion industry stakeholders, this publication serves as a valuable resource to enhance regulatory preparedness. By fostering international awareness and collaboration, it supports the establishment of clear and effective frameworks, ultimately facilitating the safe, secure, and efficient global deployment of fusion energy.
Supporting Sampling and Sample Preparation Tools for Isotope and Nuclear Analysis
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2016
225 kr
Skickas inom 11-20 vardagar
Nuclear and related techniques can help develop climate smart agricultural practices by optimizing water and nutrient use efficiency, assessing organic carbon sequestration in soil, and assisting in the evaluation of soil erosion control measures. Knowledge on the behaviour of radioactive materials in soil, water and foodstuffs is also essential in enhancing nuclear emergency preparedness and response. Appropriate sampling and sample preparation are the first steps to ensure the quality and effective use of the measurements and this publication provides comprehensive detail on the necessary steps.
Human Factors Engineering in the Design of Nuclear Power Plants
Specific Safety Guide
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2019
538 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication provides recommendations and guidance for meeting Requirement 32 of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-2/1 (Rev. 1), Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Design, for optimal operator performance involving systematic consideration of human factors, including the human machine interface (HMI). The Safety Guide provides a structured approach and guidance on application of human factors engineering (HFE) in the design of the HMI, which is the basis for human physical and cognitive processes in nuclear power plants. It applies to application of HFE in the design, operation and maintenance of the HMI for new plants, as well as for modifications of the HMI of existing plants.
Guidelines for the Determination of Standardized Semiconductor Radiation Hardness Parameters
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
580 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
The operational useful lifetime of semiconductor electronic devices working in harsh radiation environments is limited by the structural defects induced by the exposure to ionizing radiation. This has immediate consequences for their use in high radiation environments, for example in nuclear facilities, satellites, radiotherapy, medical diagnostics, security and other industries. This publication establishes a standardized procedure to quantify the radiation hardness of semiconductor diode materials in a way that is independent of the irradiation parameters and biasing conditions of the device. The established parameter reflects the additional free charge carrier trapping cross section induced by the damaging radiation, normalized to the predicted concentration of generated vacancies by the same radiation. The effectiveness of the approach is validated through different types of ion beam irradiations, characterizations and materials used. The work leads towards approaches to predict the radiation induced effects on device performance for more complex electronic structures.
Decommissioning and Waste Management Considerations for Fusion Facilities
Deuterium–Tritium Toroidal Magnetic Confinement Facilities
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
412 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
Experimental fusion facilities are integral to advancing fusion research and informing the design of future power-producing plants. As some of these facilities enter decommissioning, early experience is being gained in dismantling activated components and managing radioactive waste, including tritiated materials. This emerging body of experience provides an important foundation for developing the technical methodologies and waste management strategies that will be required for future facilities, where higher neutron fluences and larger tritium inventories are expected. This publication is intended for fusion researchers and engineers actively involved in radioactive waste management for fusion, as well as decommissioning experts with practical experience and regulatory authorities.
Human Resource Management for New Nuclear Power Programmes
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
454 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication provides Member States with a structured approach to developing an effective human resource management (HRM) strategy, which can be adapted to suit the nature and scope of the national nuclear power programme. It identifies the four components of an integrated HRM strategy particularly relevant for countries developing a nuclear power programme for the first time and examines these issues in the context of each phase of the Milestones Approach. In each phase the publication identifies the required actions related to these issues, and presents observations and lessons learned from Member States.
Nuclear Knowledge Management and Human Resources Development: Challenges and Opportunities
Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Vienna, Austria, 1–5 July 2024
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
762 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
The future of nuclear energy is driven by the people and knowledge at its core and empowered by the technology that moves it forward. Effective nuclear knowledge management and the development of skilled professionals are fundamental to ensuring a safe, efficient, and sustainable nuclear sector. This publication presents the proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Knowledge Management and Human Resources Development: Challenges and Opportunities, held by the IAEA from 1 to 5 July 2024 in Vienna. The conference convened more than 700 experts and practitioners from around the world to share experiences, explore innovative approaches, and examine how to address today’s challenges while preparing for tomorrow’s opportunities. The proceedings highlight practical solutions and success stories that can support nuclear organizations, partners, and national and international stakeholders in building and maintaining the workforce required for the future of nuclear power.
Security During the Lifetime of a Nuclear Facility
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2019
301 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication provides guidance to States, competent authorities and operators on appropriate nuclear security measures during each stage in the lifetime of a nuclear facility, from initial planning of the facility through to its final decommissioning. The publication addresses effective nuclear security in the transition between stages and applies to the nuclear security of nuclear material and nuclear facilities throughout the lifetime of all types of nuclear facilities. Although focused on nuclear power, the guidance contained in this publication may be useful for States developing nuclear programmes with other types of facilities, including those for research and development.
Comprehensive Audits of Radiotherapy Practices
A Tool for Quality Improvement
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
684 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
On request, the IAEA performs comprehensive audits of radiotherapy programmes to assess the whole process, including aspects such as organization, infrastructure and clinical and medical physics components. The objective of a comprehensive clinical audit is to review and evaluate the quality of all components of the practice of radiotherapy at the institution, including its professional competence, with a view to quality improvement. A multidisciplinary team, known as Quality Assurance Team in Radiation Oncology (QUATRO), comprising a radiation oncologist, a medical physicist and a radiation therapist, are required to carry out the audit. The present publication provides revisions of the QUATRO guidelines published in 2007, by incorporating new procedures relevant to newer technologies and modalities that have become routinely used in radiotherapy centres in the interim period.
Design Considerations for Nuclear Power Plants Against Tsunamis
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
756 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This Safety Report illustrates the diversity of impacts caused by tsunamis and provides an overview of design considerations for nuclear power plants regarding tsunami specific elements. The publication aims to contribute to the enhancement of safety measures for nuclear installations in accordance with IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-68, Design of Nuclear Installations Against External Events Excluding Earthquakes. This Safety Report addresses the elements of design against the design basis tsunami, including design concept, preliminary design and final design, and verification of the design against the beyond design basis tsunami. The intended audience for this publication includes regulators, operators, technical and scientific support organizations, and manufacturers of nuclear installations.
Nyhet
National Industrial Involvement to Support a Nuclear Power Programme
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
776 kr
Skickas
This revised publication provides comprehensive guidance for Member States on integrating national industries into the development and implementation of nuclear power programmes. Aligned with the IAEA’s Milestones approach (captured in IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NG-G-3.1 (Rev. 2)), it outlines how industrial participation can support every phase of a nuclear power programme and the full plant life cycle — from national decision making through construction, operation and decommissioning. Drawing on international experience, including case studies from Finland, France, the Republic of Korea, Türkiye and the United Arab Emirates, the publication offers practical tools such as checklists, supplier evaluation frameworks, and localization planning guidance. It addresses key topics including technology transfer, supply chain development, regulation and capacity building, supporting policy makers, regulators, operators and industrial stakeholders in strengthening national capabilities and ensuring long term programme sustainability.
Good Practices and Lessons Learned from the Long Term Operation of Nuclear Power Plants
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
412 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication compiles a broad range of experiences and practices related to long term operation (LTO) of Nuclear Power Plants from 18 IAEA Member States. Its primary objective is to support nuclear power plants that are preparing to operate beyond their original licence term or design life. It also offers valuable guidance for organizations seeking to acquire or develop the tools needed to implement effective ageing management in future plants, including those currently in the design or construction phases with LTO considerations. More than 50 experts from around the world have contributed to this publication.
Development and Application of Open Source Modelling and Simulation Tools for Nuclear Reactor Analysis
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
930 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
Many institutions have invested significant resources in developing modern open source software for analysing nuclear reactors. Recognizing this trend, the IAEA has taken the initiative to streamline and support the Open-Source Nuclear Codes for Reactor Analysis (ONCORE) initiative. Within the framework of ONCORE, the IAEA organized a technical meeting, titled ""Development and Application of Open-source Modelling and Simulation Tools for Nuclear Reactors"", in 2022 in Milan, Italy. This publication serves as a comprehensive review of the current state of the field, featuring insights from experts, experiences and the latest innovations and technological challenges in open source software and open access data. It also highlights ongoing collaborations supporting research and development, as well as education and training in nuclear science and technology, drawing from the papers presented at the ONCORE meeting.
Multinational Pre-licensing Joint Regulatory Review of Advanced Reactor Designs
The IAEA’s Nuclear Harmonization and Standardization Initiative
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
367 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This TECDOC was developed under the Regulatory Track of the Nuclear Harmonization and Standardization Initiative (NHSI) and presents a structured process for conducting multinational, pre-licensing joint regulatory reviews of small modular reactor (SMR) and advanced reactor designs. It serves as a valuable resource for regulatory authorities, technical support organizations, reactor vendors, and other industry stakeholders involved in the pre-licensing and licensing of advanced reactors. By facilitating coordinated multinational reviews, the process enables the early identification of potential design-related challenges, reduces the risk of design modifications arising from divergent national regulatory requirements, and improves the overall efficiency of regulatory review processes worldwide. The application of this process supports the harmonization of regulatory practices and contributes to the safe and secure global deployment of advanced reactor technologies.
World Distribution of Uranium Deposits (UDEPO)
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2018
231 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
The World Distribution of Uranium Deposits (UDEPO) is a database on technical, geographical and geological characteristics of worldwide uranium deposits. The current version presents and describes modifications made since 2009. It presents a preliminary statistical and tabular analysis of the data for the first time, with a view to ensuring that the data is robust enough to serve as a basis for more sophisticated analysis in the future. This is supported by a detailed explanation of the structure of the database to better understand the nature of the data as a form of metadata. Furthermore, some basic graphical representations of the statistical and spatial distribution of the database is presented for the first time.
Geological Classification of Uranium Deposits and Description of Selected Examples
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2018
231 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
With the increased level of investigation into uranium deposits in recent years, a wealth of new information has become available, which has made it possible to investigate some of the least understood aspects of uranium metallogeny. This publication defines a new classification scheme, which is simple and descriptive, but flexible enough to encompass the recent advances in our understanding of uranium geology and deposit genesis. It contains improved definition of the deposit types, supported by type examples of those deposits for which good data are available, but not well described in previous literature. Along with the descriptive information, new data on uranium resources available for each deposit type are also provided.
Approaches to Operating Nuclear Power Plants to Mitigate Production Losses Caused by Climate Change and Environmental Hazards
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
412 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
Climate change is reshaping the environmental context in which nuclear power plants operate. Nuclear power plants are built with robust safety and design margins informed by historical meteorological and hydrological data, as well as by lessons learned from past events. Weather related and environmental events may trigger protective actions, reducing output and in some cases necessitating shutdowns, though the resulting global production losses have generally remained modest. With increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, along with rising average temperatures, shifting water availability and other environmental hazards, the need for adaptation becomes clearer to operating organizations. This publication offers a practical, forward-looking framework for the climate adaptation of production related assets at nuclear power plants, grounded in real world experience and informed by international references. Potential adaptation measures include engineering upgrades, operational improvements and organizational strategies to reduce vulnerability, enhance response capabilities and build resilience. The publication is intended for operating organizations and teams responsible for asset performance, design changes, plant operation, and climate adaptation.
Safety of Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Facilities
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
804 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This Safety Guide provides recommendations on safety in the siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation and preparation for the decommissioning of nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities to meet the relevant requirements established in the IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-4, Safety of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities. It provides specific recommendations on the safety of nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities that use the PUREX process to reprocess fuels containing uranium and plutonium. It does not specifically address the reprocessing of thorium from fast breeder reactors or other advanced reactor systems, or the partitioning of radionuclides other than uranium and plutonium. However, the similarity between aqueous processes allows for the application of most of the recommendations provided in this Safety Guide, with suitable adjustments to facilities reprocessing other types of nuclear fuel. This publication is intended for operating organizations and designers of nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities and relevant technical support organizations and regulatory bodies.
International Project on Demonstration of Safety for Geological Disposal (GEOSAF PROJECT)
Managing the Integration of Pre-closure Activities and Post-closure Safety in the Safety Case (2008 – 2021)
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
398 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication presents the outcomes of The International Project on Demonstration of Safety for Geological Disposal (GEOSAF Project), implemented by the IAEA from 2013 to 2021. It outlines an approach for addressing the relationship between the operational phase and the post-closure safety of a geological disposal facility and demonstrates how safety considerations can support decision making. The structured approach developed aims to provide assurance that developing and operating a geological disposal facility over several decades will not compromise its expected post-closure safety functions and the overall safety of that facility. To this end, this TECDOC defines and further develops the key concepts of the safety envelope, the design target, and the as-built state.
Consideration of External Hazards in Probabilistic Safety Assessment for Single Unit and Multi-Unit Nuclear Power Plants.
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2018
511 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication outlines the generic methodology for probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) of nuclear power plants (NPPs) against external hazards. It integrates design, procedural, operational, human factors and both protection and mitigation aspects that are essential to model a NPP response to an external hazard and to assess the associated risk. It specifically addresses the identification and screening of external hazards considering the multi-unit impact.
Safety of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research and Development Facilities
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
790 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This Safety Guide provides recommendations on safety in the siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation and preparation for the decommissioning of nuclear fuel research and development facilities to meet the relevant requirements established in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-4, Safety of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities. It applies to all types of nuclear fuel cycle research and development facility, including facilities involving small scale experiments, analyses and fundamental research studies on the chemical, physical, mechanical and radiological properties of specific materials such as prototype nuclear fuels (before and after reactor irradiation) and investigations of nuclear materials and wastes arising from new processes, and facilities involving research and development on processes and equipment envisaged for use on an industrial scale (e.g. pilot facilities for waste treatment). This publication is intended for operating organizations and designers of nuclear fuel cycle research and development facilities and relevant technical support organizations and regulatory bodies.
Specific Infrastructure Considerations for Nuclear Energy Applications Beyond Electricity
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
440 kr
Skickas inom 11-20 vardagar
Nuclear energy provides a reliable and abundant source of clean and dispatchable power. Combined with electricity generation the use of nuclear heat for applications such as industrial processes, district heating, desalination and hydrogen production can enable efficiency gains and support the decarbonization of industrial and residential sectors. As nations seek energy security and carbon neutrality, these applications are being increasingly considered by Member States to help decarbonize high-energy-consuming and hard-to-abate sectors. The IAEA’s Milestones approach provides guidance on the infrastructure and ensuing related activities which are needed to successfully deploy nuclear programmes. Compared to conventional nuclear projects intended for sole power generation, however, nuclear projects for applications beyond electricity may present greater complexity and new challenges. This publication complements the guidance laid out in the milestones approach, providing further support to Member States interested in the planning, evaluation and deployment of projects for beyond electricity applications.
Nuclear Forensics in Support of Investigations
implementing guide
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2015
483 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication is a revision of IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 2, Nuclear Forensics Support, which was published in 2006. Since then, there has been substantive expansion and confidence in the application of nuclear forensics globally to effectively counter the threat of nuclear and other radioactive materials out of regulatory control. Most significantly, nuclear forensics has been applied in response to a number of incidents involving the illicit trafficking of highly enriched uranium and plutonium. The essential lessons learned from these experiences are incorporated in the revised publication to update the procedures and methods used in the conduct of a nuclear forensic examination as well as stress the importance of international cooperation.
Ageing Management Programmes for Spent Fuel Dry Storage Systems
Final Report of a Coordinated Research Project
AvIAEA
Häftad, Engelska, 2026
412 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication presents the results of the Coordinated Research Project, “Ageing Management Programmes for Dry Storage Systems”, which brought together organisations from seven countries and ran from 2016 to 2021. It provides an overview of the methodologies for developing ageing management programmes for the different dry storage systems used for the storage of spent fuel, as well as national regulatory requirements in this field. It also examines the operating experience from participating countries with different systems, technologies to support monitoring, mitigation and repair, and guidance on how ageing management programmes should be updated.
Decommissioning of Particle Accelerators
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2020
580 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication presents information on experience and lessons learned from implementation of decommissioning projects for particle accelerators. Based on this information, and highlighting typical issues and concerns, the publication provides practical guidance for all those having a role in this process. The publication is written for operators of accelerator facilities, particularly those facilities approaching the decommissioning stage, or operators maintaining a facility in a deferred dismantling state, as well as for regulators, waste managers, decision makers at government level, local authorities, decommissioning contractors and designers of accelerators. It is anticipated that lessons learned and described in this publication will contribute to decommissioning planning during the design stage of new facilities, hence minimizing the generation of radioactive waste without compromising structural characteristics and the effectiveness of the construction.
Experiences of the Development, Review and Communication of Safety Cases and Safety Assessments for Near Surface Disposal of Radioactive Waste
AvIAEA,International Atomic Energy Agency
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
385 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
The IAEA has organized various international meetings and projects on the safety of near surface disposal of radioactive waste. These projects included work to (i) benchmark safety assessment models, (ii) develop improved safety assessment methods, (iii) apply improved safety assessment methods to proposed and existing disposal facilities and consider regulatory review of safety assessments, (iv) to enhance understanding of the safety case for near surface disposal facilities, and (v) to explore approaches for the practical use of the safety case in the management of near surface disposal facilities. These activities have provided a valuable and productive international forum for discussions, exchange of experiences, development of methodologies and mutual learning. Since 2017, the IAEA has been facilitating the ongoing Forum on the Safety of Near Surface Disposal. This publication results from the work of the Forum during October 2017 to September 2022. The intended audience for this publication includes those involved in developing, operating and regulating near surface disposal facilities for radioactive waste and those involved in developing, reviewing, and using safety assessments and safety cases for the disposal of radioactive wastes.