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225 produkter
225 produkter
169 kr
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Taxes. Why do we pay them? What benefits do they bring? What damage do they cause? And how could they work better? Here, author Eamonn Butler provides a jargon-free guide to taxation, its history, its aims and purposes, and its impact on individuals and economies. He invokes the work of pioneering economist Adam Smith, who defined the basic principles of good tax policy – fairness, certainty, convenience and efficiency. And he observes that taxation regularly falls short of these aims – they’re skewed for political ends and often weigh heavily on the least well-off. They’re overly-complex, costly to comply with and, in some cases, create more harm than good. In concise and coherent fashion, he critiques the knee-jerk thinking behind the introduction of new and higher taxes. He puts forward different ways of funding public services, whilst exploring the principles that would make for a much better – and much simpler – tax system.
136 kr
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Why did the West become rich? Was it the product of institutions, culture, and economic policies? Or were foreign expansion, imperialist exploitation and the slave trade the keys to prosperity? In this book, Kristian Niemietz takes the reader beyond the ‘Culture War’ debates around the legacy of the British Empire, and looks at the economics of imperialism. By examining the empirical work of modern historians of colonialism, as well as the views of contemporary figures ranging from Adam Smith to Karl Marx, Niemietz explores a debate which has raged for three centuries and is only growing more contentious. Drawing on data from various European colonial empires, Niemietz casts doubt on the claim – popular among both 19th-century imperialists and modern-day progressives – that empire was a crucial factor in the West’s rise to prosperity. Instead, he shows that – its immorality aside – Western colonialism was simply bad economics. Far from being a story of plunder leading to sustained growth, the story of empire is an all too familiar tale of vested interests using the state to secure private benefits while leaving the taxpayer to foot the bill.
Engineering Compendium on Radiation Shielding
Volume I: Shielding Fundamentals and Methods
Häftad, Engelska, 1968
1 181 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
The need has arisen for a comprehensive handbook for engineers faced with problems of radiation shielding design. Although there are several excellent books on shielding, they either do not give enough consideration to the many practical design problems, or are limited to special aspects of the subject. Recognizing the universal need, the International Atomic Energy Agency decided to sponsor the publication ofthe present Engineering Compendium on Radiation Shield ing. At the first editorial discussions it was agreed that, if such a book were to be undertaken, it would be appropriate not only to create a useful design tool for the practising engineer but also to include well-referenced basic data for the research worker. Although trying to keep the book down to a reasonable size, the editors have aimed at a complete presentation of the subject, covering and linking both the tech nology and the science of shielding. Efforts to make terms and definitions consistent throughout have been only partially successful, owing to the continuing development of new ideas. However, inconsisten cies that could not be eliminated are identified whenever possible.
Planning and Organizing Nuclear Security Systems and Measures for Nuclear and Other Radioactive Material Out of Regulatory Control
Technical Guidance
Häftad, Engelska, 2019
570 kr
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This publication provides guidance on the planning and organization of nuclear security systems and measures for the detection of criminal or intentional unauthorized acts involving nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control (the detection architecture, as described in IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 21) and for the response to potential nuclear security events (the response framework). The guidance includes processes for reviewing the adequacy of existing nuclear security systems and measures, identifying gaps in capabilities and resources, and designing new systems and measures to address identified gaps.
Summary Review on the Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Nuclear Power Plant Design
Häftad, Engelska, 2022
487 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication documents the results of an IAEA coordinated research project (CRP)on the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes for nuclear power plantdesign. The main objective was to benchmark CFD codes, model options and methods against CFD experimental data under single phase flow conditions. This publication summarizes the current capabilities and applications of CFD codes, and their present qualification level, with respect to nuclear power plant design requirements. It is not intended to be comprehensive, focusing instead on international experience in the practical application of these tools in designing nuclear power plant components and systems. The guidance in this publication is based on inputs provided by international nuclear industry experts directly involved in nuclear power plant design issues, CFD applications, and in related experimentation and validation highlighted during the CRP.
Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for Research Reactors
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
540 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This Safety Guide is a revision of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. NS-G-4.4, which it supersedes. The revised version provides specific recommendations on developing, formulating and presenting the operational limits and conditions as well as the operating procedures for research reactors, to meet the relevant requirements of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-3, Safety of Research Reactors. The recommendations in this publication are intended for use by operating organizations of research reactors, regulatory bodies and other relevant organizations involved in a research reactor project.
Risk Informed Approach for Nuclear Security Measures for Nuclear and Other Radioactive Material Out of Regulatory Control
implementing guide
Häftad, Engelska, 2015
541 kr
Skickas inom 11-20 vardagar
This publication provides guidance to States for developing a risk informed approach and for conducting threat and risk assessments as the basis for the design and implementation of sustainable nuclear security systems and measures for prevention of, detection of, and response to criminal and intentional unauthorised acts involving nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control. It describes concepts and methodologies for a risk informed approach, including identification and assessment of threats, targets, and potential consequences; threat and risk assessment methodologies; and the use of risk informed approaches as the basis for informing the development and implementation of nuclear security systems and measures. The publication is an Implementing Guide within the IAEA Nuclear Security Series and is intended for use by national policy makers, law enforcement agencies and experts from competent authorities and other relevant organizations involved in the establishment, implementation, maintenance or sustainability of nuclear security systems and measures related to nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control.
Supporting Sampling and Sample Preparation Tools for Isotope and Nuclear Analysis
Häftad, Engelska, 2016
220 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
Nuclear and related techniques can help develop climate smart agricultural practices by optimizing water and nutrient use efficiency, assessing organic carbon sequestration in soil, and assisting in the evaluation of soil erosion control measures. Knowledge on the behaviour of radioactive materials in soil, water and foodstuffs is also essential in enhancing nuclear emergency preparedness and response. Appropriate sampling and sample preparation are the first steps to ensure the quality and effective use of the measurements and this publication provides comprehensive detail on the necessary steps.
Human Factors Engineering in the Design of Nuclear Power Plants
Specific Safety Guide
Häftad, Engelska, 2019
556 kr
Skickas inom 11-20 vardagar
This publication provides recommendations and guidance for meeting Requirement 32 of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-2/1 (Rev. 1), Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Design, for optimal operator performance involving systematic consideration of human factors, including the human machine interface (HMI). The Safety Guide provides a structured approach and guidance on application of human factors engineering (HFE) in the design of the HMI, which is the basis for human physical and cognitive processes in nuclear power plants. It applies to application of HFE in the design, operation and maintenance of the HMI for new plants, as well as for modifications of the HMI of existing plants.
380 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication outlines the concepts and models supporting the requirements for understanding organizational competence within the nuclear context. It aims to help in the development of organizational competencies in countries with an existing nuclear power capability and those wishing to embark on a nuclear power programme. The publication summarizes necessary processes for mapping organizational competencies, as well as tools and techniques used for assessing them. Specific information provided in this publication will help organizations to determine competence needs based on strategic/corporate objectives and business processes, and to identify their existing success factors.
Guidelines for the Determination of Standardized Semiconductor Radiation Hardness Parameters
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
553 kr
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The operational useful lifetime of semiconductor electronic devices working in harsh radiation environments is limited by the structural defects induced by the exposure to ionizing radiation. This has immediate consequences for their use in high radiation environments, for example in nuclear facilities, satellites, radiotherapy, medical diagnostics, security and other industries. This publication establishes a standardized procedure to quantify the radiation hardness of semiconductor diode materials in a way that is independent of the irradiation parameters and biasing conditions of the device. The established parameter reflects the additional free charge carrier trapping cross section induced by the damaging radiation, normalized to the predicted concentration of generated vacancies by the same radiation. The effectiveness of the approach is validated through different types of ion beam irradiations, characterizations and materials used. The work leads towards approaches to predict the radiation induced effects on device performance for more complex electronic structures.
433 kr
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This publication provides Member States with a structured approach to developing an effective human resource management (HRM) strategy, which can be adapted to suit the nature and scope of the national nuclear power programme. It identifies the four components of an integrated HRM strategy particularly relevant for countries developing a nuclear power programme for the first time and examines these issues in the context of each phase of the Milestones Approach. In each phase the publication identifies the required actions related to these issues, and presents observations and lessons learned from Member States.
872 kr
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Integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has evolved since its introduction into the commercial market more than a decade ago. It is now a key procedure, particularly in oncological imaging. Over the last years in routine clinical service, PET/CT has had a significant impact on diagnosis, treatment planning, staging, therapy, and monitoring of treatment response and has therefore played an important role in the care of cancer patients. The high sensitivity from the PET component and the specificity of the CT component give this hybrid imaging modality the unique characteristics that make PET/CT, even after over 10 years of clinical use, one of the fastest growing imaging modalities worldwide. This publication combines over 90 comprehensive cases covering all major indications of fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)-PET/CT as well as some cases of clinically relevant special tracers. The cases provide an overview of what the specific disease can look like in PET/CT, the typical pattern of the disease’s spread as well as likely pitfalls and teaching points. This PET/CT Atlas will allow professionals interested in PET/CT imaging to embrace the variety of oncological imaging by providing clinically relevant teaching files on the effectiveness and diagnostic quality of FDG-PET/CT imaging in routine applications.
287 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication provides guidance to States, competent authorities and operators on appropriate nuclear security measures during each stage in the lifetime of a nuclear facility, from initial planning of the facility through to its final decommissioning. The publication addresses effective nuclear security in the transition between stages and applies to the nuclear security of nuclear material and nuclear facilities throughout the lifetime of all types of nuclear facilities. Although focused on nuclear power, the guidance contained in this publication may be useful for States developing nuclear programmes with other types of facilities, including those for research and development.
652 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
On request, the IAEA performs comprehensive audits of radiotherapy programmes to assess the whole process, including aspects such as organization, infrastructure and clinical and medical physics components. The objective of a comprehensive clinical audit is to review and evaluate the quality of all components of the practice of radiotherapy at the institution, including its professional competence, with a view to quality improvement. A multidisciplinary team, known as Quality Assurance Team in Radiation Oncology (QUATRO), comprising a radiation oncologist, a medical physicist and a radiation therapist, are required to carry out the audit. The present publication provides revisions of the QUATRO guidelines published in 2007, by incorporating new procedures relevant to newer technologies and modalities that have become routinely used in radiotherapy centres in the interim period.
220 kr
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The World Distribution of Uranium Deposits (UDEPO) is a database on technical, geographical and geological characteristics of worldwide uranium deposits. The current version presents and describes modifications made since 2009. It presents a preliminary statistical and tabular analysis of the data for the first time, with a view to ensuring that the data is robust enough to serve as a basis for more sophisticated analysis in the future. This is supported by a detailed explanation of the structure of the database to better understand the nature of the data as a form of metadata. Furthermore, some basic graphical representations of the statistical and spatial distribution of the database is presented for the first time.
Geological Classification of Uranium Deposits and Description of Selected Examples
Häftad, Engelska, 2018
220 kr
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With the increased level of investigation into uranium deposits in recent years, a wealth of new information has become available, which has made it possible to investigate some of the least understood aspects of uranium metallogeny. This publication defines a new classification scheme, which is simple and descriptive, but flexible enough to encompass the recent advances in our understanding of uranium geology and deposit genesis. It contains improved definition of the deposit types, supported by type examples of those deposits for which good data are available, but not well described in previous literature. Along with the descriptive information, new data on uranium resources available for each deposit type are also provided.
Protection Against Internal and External Hazards in the Operation of Nuclear Power Plants
Häftad, Engelska, 2022
580 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This Safety Guide provides specific recommendations on protection against internal and external hazards in the operation of nuclear power plants. It provides new or updatedrecommendations derived from enhanced understanding of operational aspects of hazards and combinations of hazards. Operating experience gained from incidents and accidents in nuclear power plants around the world has demonstrated that fire can be an important risk contributor in many Member States. However, there are other internal and external hazards that have also to be considered in the design and operation of nuclear power plants. This Safety Guide supersedes and expands the scope of lAEA Safety Standards Series No. NS- G-2. 1, Fire Safety in the Operation of Nuclear Power Plants, to include recommendations on these other hazards.
585 kr
Skickas inom 11-20 vardagar
Post-irradiation examination (PIE) is an indispensable step in the selection of new or improved research reactor fuel, and in the characterization and understanding of its in-core behaviour. This publication provides an introduction to PIE techniques. It describes a typical PIE process from intercycle inspections in the reactor pool or channel, to hot cell PIE, which is subdivided into non-destructive and destructive testing techniques with their typical output, advantages and drawbacks, and their applicability to understanding fuel irradiation behaviour. Much of the work presented in this publication originated from the research and development of new low enriched uranium research reactor fuels. Intended readers include research reactor operators, regulators and their technical support organizations, fuel developers and manufacturers, laboratory staff, and policy makers.
Use of Nuclear Material Accounting and Control for Nuclear Security Purposes at Facilities
implementing guide
Häftad, Engelska, 2015
367 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
Nuclear material accounting and control (NMAC) works in a complementary fashion with the international safeguards programme and physical protection systems to help prevent, deter or detect the unauthorized acquisition and use of nuclear materials. These three methodologies are employed by Member States to defend against external threats, internal threats and both State actors and non-State actors. This publication offers guidance for implementing NMAC measures for nuclear security at the nuclear facility level. It focuses on measures to mitigate the risk posed by insider threats and describes elements of a programme that can be implemented at a nuclear facility in coordination with the physical protection system for the purpose of deterring and detecting unauthorized removal of nuclear material.
Consideration of External Hazards in Probabilistic Safety Assessment for Single Unit and Multi-Unit Nuclear Power Plants.
Häftad, Engelska, 2018
487 kr
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This publication outlines the generic methodology for probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) of nuclear power plants (NPPs) against external hazards. It integrates design, procedural, operational, human factors and both protection and mitigation aspects that are essential to model a NPP response to an external hazard and to assess the associated risk. It specifically addresses the identification and screening of external hazards considering the multi-unit impact.
460 kr
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This publication is a revision of IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 2, Nuclear Forensics Support, which was published in 2006. Since then, there has been substantive expansion and confidence in the application of nuclear forensics globally to effectively counter the threat of nuclear and other radioactive materials out of regulatory control. Most significantly, nuclear forensics has been applied in response to a number of incidents involving the illicit trafficking of highly enriched uranium and plutonium. The essential lessons learned from these experiences are incorporated in the revised publication to update the procedures and methods used in the conduct of a nuclear forensic examination as well as stress the importance of international cooperation.
420 kr
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This publication aims to outline credible technical options for managing separated plutonium. There is no attempt to rank or rate any of the options, instead the intent is to inform the reader of the technical merits of the various options and the state of their development. It is primarily focused on Member States that have adopted a closed fuel cycle policy but can also be of value to other Member States, specifically their decision makers and other stakeholders involved in potential future nuclear fuel cycles, by informing them on life cycle options and energy policy.
553 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication presents information on experience and lessons learned from implementation of decommissioning projects for particle accelerators. Based on this information, and highlighting typical issues and concerns, the publication provides practical guidance for all those having a role in this process. The publication is written for operators of accelerator facilities, particularly those facilities approaching the decommissioning stage, or operators maintaining a facility in a deferred dismantling state, as well as for regulators, waste managers, decision makers at government level, local authorities, decommissioning contractors and designers of accelerators. It is anticipated that lessons learned and described in this publication will contribute to decommissioning planning during the design stage of new facilities, hence minimizing the generation of radioactive waste without compromising structural characteristics and the effectiveness of the construction.
INPRO Methodology for Sustainability Assessment of Nuclear Energy Systems: Waste Management
INPRO Manual
Häftad, Engelska, 2020
220 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication presents the latest update to the INPRO methodology for Nuclear Energy Systems sustainability assessment in the area of waste management and reflects detailed discussions held at an IAEA technical meeting. Waste generated by nuclear energy systems and considered in this publication includes all classes and categories of waste from nuclear power plants and nuclear fuel cycle facilities over the course of normal operations and anticipated operational occurrences. It is anticipated that the information presented in this and other INPRO publications, for example IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NG-T-3.12, will assist in the identification of areas for improvement in nuclear energy systems.
Experiences of the Development, Review and Communication of Safety Cases and Safety Assessments for Near Surface Disposal of Radioactive Waste
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
367 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
The IAEA has organized various international meetings and projects on the safety of near surface disposal of radioactive waste. These projects included work to (i) benchmark safety assessment models, (ii) develop improved safety assessment methods, (iii) apply improved safety assessment methods to proposed and existing disposal facilities and consider regulatory review of safety assessments, (iv) to enhance understanding of the safety case for near surface disposal facilities, and (v) to explore approaches for the practical use of the safety case in the management of near surface disposal facilities. These activities have provided a valuable and productive international forum for discussions, exchange of experiences, development of methodologies and mutual learning. Since 2017, the IAEA has been facilitating the ongoing Forum on the Safety of Near Surface Disposal. This publication results from the work of the Forum during October 2017 to September 2022. The intended audience for this publication includes those involved in developing, operating and regulating near surface disposal facilities for radioactive waste and those involved in developing, reviewing, and using safety assessments and safety cases for the disposal of radioactive wastes.
Instrumentation and Control Systems and Software Important to Safety for Research Reactors
specific safety guide
Häftad, Engelska, 2015
500 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This Safety Guide provides recommendations and guidance on instrumentation and control systems and software important to safety for research reactors, including instrumentation and control system architecture and associated components, from sensors to actuators, operator interfaces and auxiliary equipment. It also provides recommendations on computer based systems and software, including software requirements and design, verification and validation, integration, and operation. This publication also addresses safety classification, design, implementation, qualification and operation of instrumentation as well as control systems. The recommendations and guidance apply to both the design and configuration management of instrumentation and control systems for new research reactors and the modernization of the instrumentation and control systems to existing research reactor facilities. In addition, this Safety Guide provides recommendations and guidance on human factors engineering and human-machine interfaces, and for computer based systems and software for use in instrumentation and control systems important to safety.
Implementation of a Remote and Automated Quality Control Programme for Radiography and Mammography Equipment
Häftad, Engelska, 2021
666 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication provides a framework for the quality control (QC) of radiographic and mammographic imaging systems using remote and automated tools. The methodology provided in this publication is designed to be easy to implement, in order to support initiation of remote/automated QC programmes. It is based on simple, inexpensive test objects and promotes collection of data in a uniform, harmonized manner allowing for intercomparison and benchmarking. These tests are not intended to replace the comprehensive performance evaluation of the radiographic systems by a CQMP. They can, however, detect deficiencies in system performance before they become clinically significant. Furthermore, frequent QC testing promotes a culture of quality in imaging.
Radiation Protection and Radioactive Waste Management in the Design and Operation of Research Reactors
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
633 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This Safety Guide provides recommendations on radiation protection and radioactive waste management in the design and operation of research reactors, to meet the relevant requirements of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-3, Safety of Research Reactors. It identifies important components that should be considered at the design stage with regard to facilitating radiation protection and radioactive waste management. It also recommends good practices in implementing operational radiation protection and radioactive waste management programmes, and in their optimization. This Safety Guide is a revision of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. NS-G-4.6, which it supersedes.
INPRO Methodology for Sustainability Assessment of Nuclear Energy Systems: Safety of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities
INPRO Manual
Häftad, Engelska, 2020
220 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This publication provides guidance for assessing the sustainability of a nuclear energy system (NES) in the area of nuclear fuel cycle facility (NFCF) safety. It deals with NFCFs that may be potentially involved in the NES such as, mining, milling, refining, conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication, spent fuel storage, and spent fuel reprocessing facilities. It augments the information presented in the earlier INPRO publications on the methodology for sustainability assessments. The publication is intended for use by organizations involved in the development and deployment of a NES, including planning, design, modification and technical support for NFCFs.