Iraj Hoshi – författare

This text analyses the barriers faced by new private firms in five countries at different stages of transition: the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland as the front-runners of the process, and Albania and Lithuania which followed them later. It is well established that the new private firm sector is the engine of growth in transition economies. But the entry of new firms is closely related to the nature of the existing regulatory and fiscal framework, specifically the registration and licensing requirements, rules on sale or lease of real estate, export and import regulations, and taxes and contributions. These barriers invariably lead entrepreneurs to conduct some or all of their business outside the official economy or, in some cases, discourage them from entry altogether. Contributors to the book are academic economists and policy makers with wide ranging experiences of the transition process. They have been closely involved in formulating economic policies, advising governments of transitions countries, and conducting research on different aspects of market oriented reforms.They provide comprehensive reviews of the existing rules and regulations affecting entry and their impact on private sector development in each country. They also draw on the results of a survey of 400 enterprises in five transition economies, highlighting the range of government-imposed barriers affecting new firms.

Privatization was the fundamental pillar of transition from plan to market in former socialist countries. It assesses wholesale privatization schemes in three leading transition countries - the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovenia - in terms of the evolving concentration of ownership and relations to firm performance.

inefficient and uncompetitive enterprises especially from the over-grown industrial sector. These initial conditions meant that, in the early stages of transition, the volume of entries and exits will be, by necessity, very high ­ reflecting the large scale changes that had to take place before these economies attain a macroeconomic structure consistent with their level of development and with the needs of a market-based economy open to internationalcompetition. One of the main elements of the reform programme in all economies in transition was the liberalisation of entry conditions. Along with the liberalisation of prices and foreign trade, appropriate measures facilitating the establishment of new enterprises were approved in the very early phase of reforms in all of these countries. The effectiveness of liberalised entry conditions, of course, depends on the presence of appropriate legal and institutional framework in which new firms will operate. The establishment of a conducive legal and institutional environment, however, takes much longer. In practice, new firms come into existence before the rules of the game are properly established. These rules develop gradually and are not always, and everywhere, consistent with the aim of liberalising the entry conditions. The conditions facing new firms, therefore, have fluctuated in some countries in accordance with changes in the political environment and in line with the strength of different lobbies and interest groups.

This text examines the significant phenomenon of enterprise downsizing and market exit during the early transition from socialism to capitalism in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, analyzing the reasons, methods, and extent of this widespread business contraction following the rebirth of competition after Communism's collapse.