Iyad Rahwan - Böcker

Argumentation is all around us. Letters to the Editor often make points of cons- tency, and “Why” is one of the most frequent questions in language, asking for r- sons behind behaviour. And argumentation is more than ‘reasoning’ in the recesses of single minds, since it crucially involves interaction. It cements the coordinated social behaviour that has allowed us, in small bands of not particularly physically impressive primates, to dominate the planet, from the mammoth hunt all the way up to organized science. This volume puts argumentation on the map in the eld of Arti cial Intelligence. This theme has been coming for a while, and some famous pioneers are chapter authors, but we can now see a broader systematic area emerging in the sum of topics and results. As a logician, I nd this intriguing, since I see AI as ‘logic continued by other means’, reminding us of broader views of what my discipline is about. Logic arose originally out of re ection on many-agent practices of disputation, in Greek Ant- uity, but also in India and China. And logicians like me would like to return to this broader agenda of rational agency and intelligent interaction. Of course, Aristotle also gave us a formal systems methodology that deeply in uenced the eld, and eventually connected up happily with mathematical proof and foundations.

Argumentation is all around us. Letters to the Editor often make points of cons- tency, and “Why” is one of the most frequent questions in language, asking for r- sons behind behaviour. And argumentation is more than ‘reasoning’ in the recesses of single minds, since it crucially involves interaction. It cements the coordinated social behaviour that has allowed us, in small bands of not particularly physically impressive primates, to dominate the planet, from the mammoth hunt all the way up to organized science. This volume puts argumentation on the map in the eld of Arti cial Intelligence. This theme has been coming for a while, and some famous pioneers are chapter authors, but we can now see a broader systematic area emerging in the sum of topics and results. As a logician, I nd this intriguing, since I see AI as ‘logic continued by other means’, reminding us of broader views of what my discipline is about. Logic arose originally out of re ection on many-agent practices of disputation, in Greek Ant- uity, but also in India and China. And logicians like me would like to return to this broader agenda of rational agency and intelligent interaction. Of course, Aristotle also gave us a formal systems methodology that deeply in uenced the eld, and eventually connected up happily with mathematical proof and foundations.

The theory of argumentation is a rich, interdisciplinary area of research lying across philosophy, communication studies, linguistics, and psychology (at least). Its techniques and results have found a wide range of applications in both t- oretical and practical branches of arti?cial intelligence and computer science. Several theories of argumentation with various semantics have been proposed in the literature. Multi-agent systems theory has picked up argument-inspired approaches and speci?cally argumentation-theoretic results from many di?erent areas. The community of researchers in argumentation and multi-agent systems is currently presented with a unique opportunity to integrate the various und- standings of argument into a coherent and core part of the functioning of - tonomouscomputationalsystems.Thebene?tsrangefromextendedsemanticsof arguments construed as relationships between epistemic atoms, through conv- sation protocols for argumentation with serendipitous information exchange, to models of dialectical practical reasoning, both intra- and inter-agent (and a m- ture of the two).In all these cases argumentation is used to structure knowledge representation, reasoning and agent interaction, and o?ers a potential means of better integrating these disparate problems.

This volume is based on the Second Workshop on Argumentation in Multiagent Systems (Argmas). The workshop was held in conjunction with the 4th Int- national Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (aamas), at the University of Utrecht in Utrecht, The Netherlands, in July 2005. The workshop itself took place on July 26. We are happy to report that the second workshop was just as popular and successfulasitspredecessor,heldtheprevioussummerinNewYork.Wereceived 17 submissions, eachof which wasreviewed by at least three experts in the ?eld, and ten of these papers were accepted for presentation at the workshop. Once again the workshop was graced by an invited lecture, this time by Frans van Eemeren of the University of Amsterdam, who talked on the subject of prag- dialectics. The workshop attracted 31 participants, ensuring many questions for the speakers, and a healthy exchange of views during the discussion periods. Following the practice established with the post-proceedings of the ?rst Argmasworkshop,weinvitedthepresentersofalltheacceptedpaperstoprepare revised versions of their papers for this volume.In addition we approached - thors of papers on directly related topics that had been presented in theaamas conference, and this gaveus an additionalseven papers. We further solicited one additional paper (details below) and were lucky enough that Prof. van Eemeren consented to send us a paper that covered the material of his invited talk.

Argumentation provides tools for designing, implementing and analyzing sophisticated forms of interaction among rational agents. It has made a solid contribution to the practice of multiagent dialogues. Application domains include: legal disputes, business negotiation, labor disputes, team formation, scientific inquiry, deliberative democracy, ontology reconciliation, risk analysis, scheduling, and logistics.This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Argumentation in Multi-Agent Systems held in Hakodate, Japan, in May 2006 as an associated event of AAMAS 2006, the main international conference on autonomous agents and multi-agent systems.The volume opens with an original state-of-the-art survey paper presenting the current research and offering a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of this rapidly evolving area. The 11 revised articles that follow were carefully reviewed and selected from the most significant workshop contributions, augmented with papers from the AAMAS 2006 main conference, as well as from ECAI 2006, the biennial European Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

This volume presents the latest developmentsinthegrowingareaofresearch at the interface of argumentation theory and multiagent systems. This area has grown tremendously with many papers appearing in the recent special issue of the Arti?cial Intelligence Journal on "Argumentation" and the special issue of IEEE Intelligent Systems on "Argumentation Technologies. " Over the last few years, argumentation has been gaining increasing imp- tance in multiagent systems, mainly as a vehicle for facilitating rational int- action (i. e. , interaction which involves the giving and receiving of reasons). This is because argumentation provides tools for designing, implementing, and a- lyzing sophisticated forms of interaction among rational agents. Argumentation hasmadesolidcontributionstothe practiceofmultiagentdialogues. Application domains include: legal disputes, business negotiation, labor disputes, team f- mation, scienti?c inquiry, deliberative democracy, ontology reconciliation, risk analysis, scheduling, and logistics.A single agent may also use argumentation techniquestoperformitsindividualreasoningbecauseitneedstomakedecisions under complex preferences policies, in a highly dynamic environment. Most papers in this volume appeared in the proceedings of the 4th Int- national Workshop on Argumentation in Multiagent Systems (ArgMAS 2007), which took place in Honolulu, USA, in conjunction with the International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS). This continues the success of the ArgMAS workshop series, which took place in t- dem with AAMAS in New York in 2004,Utrecht in 2005,and Hakodatein 2006.

During the last decade Argumentation has been gaining importance within Artificial Intelligence especially in multi agent systems. Argumentation is a powerful mechanism for modelling the internal  reasoning of an agent. It also provides tools for analysing, designing and implementing sophisticated forms of interaction among rational agents, thus making important contributions to the theory and practice of multiagent dialogues. Application domains include: nonmonotonic reasoning, legal disputes, business negotiation, labor disputes, team formation, scientific inquiry, deliberative democracy, ontology reconciliation, risk analysis, scheduling, and logistics.This volume presents the latest developments in this area at the interface of argumentation theory and multi agent systems. The 10 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited papers from the AAMAS 2008 conference were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on argument-based reasoning, argumentation and dialogue, as well as strategic and pragmatic issues.

This volume contains revised versions of the papers presented at the sixth e- tion of the International Workshop on Argumentation in Multi-Agent Systems, (ArgMAS2009),heldinBudapest,Hungary,inassociationwiththe8thInter- tional Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS 2009) in May 2009. Previous ArgMAS workshops have been held in New York City, USA (2004),Utrecht, The Netherlands (2005),Hakodate, Japan (2006), Honolulu, USA (2007) and Estoril, Portugal (2008). The event has now clearlyestablisheditselfonthe internationalcalendaramongresearchersinc- putational argument and dialectics. A brief word to explain these topics is in order. Di?erent agents within a multi-agent system (MAS) potentially have di?erential access to information and di?erent capabilities, di?erent beliefs, di?erent preferences and desires, and di?erent goals. A key aspect of the scienti?c and engineering study of mul- agentsystemsthereforehasbeenthedevelopmentofmethodsandproceduresfor identifying, assessing, reconciling, arbitrating between, managing, and mitig- ing suchdi?erences. Marketmechanismsandvotingproceduresaretwo methods fordealing with thesedi?erences. Argumentationisanother.Argumentationcan be understood as the formal interaction of di?erent arguments for and against some conclusion (e. g. , a proposition, an action intention, a preference, etc. ). An agent may use argumentation techniques to perform individual reasoning for itself alone, in order to resolve con?icting evidence or to decide between c- ?icting goals it may have. Two or more agents may also jointly use dialectical argumentationto identify, express,andreconciledi?erencesbetweenthemselves, by means of interactions such as negotiation, persuasion, inquiry, and joint - liberation.

This book constitutes the thoroughly reviewed post-proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Argumentation in Multi-Agent Systems, ArgMas 2010, held in Toronto, Canada in May 2010 as a satellite workshop of AAMAS 2010.The 14 revised full papers taken from ArgMAS 2010 were carefully reviewed and improved during two rounds of revision. Also included are 4 invited papers based on presentations on argumentation at the AAMAS 2010 main conference. All together the 18 papers included in the book give a representative overview on current research on argumentation in multi-agent systems. The papers are organized in topical sections on practical reasoning and argument about action, applications, and theoretical aspects.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems, PRIMA 2012, held in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, in September 2012. The conference was collocated with the 12th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, PRICAI. The 17 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 42 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on foundations, auctions and negotiation, coalition formation and teamwork, norms and institutions, and applications.