Complex fluid flows are encountered widely in nature, in living beings and in engineering practice. These flows often involve both geometric and dynamic complexity and present problems that are difficult to analyse because of their wide range of length and time scales, as well as their geometric configuration. This book describes some computational techniques and modelling strategies for analysing and predicting complex transport phenomena. It summarizes advances in the context of a pressure-based algorithm. Among methods discussed are discretization schemes for treating convection and pressure, parallel computing, multigrid methods, and composite, multiblock techniques. With respect to physical modelling, the book addresses issues of turbulence closure and multiscale, multiphase transport from an engineering viewpoint. Both fundamental and practical issues are considered, along with the relative merits of competing approaches. Numerous examples are given throughout the text. Mechanical, aerospace, chemical and materials engineers can use the techniques presented in this book to tackle important, practical problems more effectively.

Complex fluid flows are encountered widely in nature, in living beings and in engineering practice. These flows often involve both geometric and dynamic complexity and present problems that are difficult to analyse because of their wide range of length and time scales, as well as their geometric configuration. This book describes some computational techniques and modelling strategies for analysing and predicting complex transport phenomena. It summarizes advances in the context of a pressure-based algorithm. Among methods discussed are discretization schemes for treating convection and pressure, parallel computing, multigrid methods, and composite, multiblock techniques. With respect to physical modelling, the book addresses issues of turbulence closure and multiscale, multiphase transport from an engineering viewpoint. Both fundamental and practical issues are considered, along with the relative merits of competing approaches. Numerous examples are given throughout the text. Mechanical, aerospace, chemical and materials engineers can use the techniques presented in this book to tackle important, practical problems more effectively.

The objective of the project was to develop in the laboratory, and test in the field, a biological water treatment process for treating perchlorate-contaminated water. Bench- scale experiments were conducted on three processes: a packed bed reactor amended with soluble substrates (acetate); a hydrogen gas fed four-phase unsaturated trickle-type packed column; and a membrane-immobilized biofilm reactor. Based on these tests, one reactor system, an acetate-fed packed bed reactor (PSU-O4?system), was selected for further testing in pilot-plant tests at the Texas Street well field in Redlands, California.All three systems successfully removed perchlorate at rates sufficient to achieve an acceptable level of perchlorate removal for subsequent treatment for potable use. Pilot- scale tests at the Redlands site in California showed that perchlorate could be removed to non-detectable levels (< 4 ?g/L) in the fixed bed reactor. Backwashing the reactor weekly to remove biomass was needed to assure acceptable performance.?In Phase 1, bench-scale reactors were constructed to test the ability of these different bioreactors to degrade perchlorate to low concentrations. The packed-bed reactors (saturated and unsaturated flow conditions) were tested in the environmental engineering laboratories at Penn State University, while the membrane-immobilized reactor experiments were conducted at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.? Most experiments were conducted using an artificial groundwater spiked with perchlorate at various concentrations. In the last series of experiments, nitrate was added to the water to study its effect on perchlorate degradation. These results were then compared to perchlorate removal using actual water samples taken from the Redlands-Crafton site containing perchlorate at concentrations of 60?80 ppb. In Phase 2, pilot-scale reactors were tested at the Redlands Site in California to examine the ability of the system to reduce perchlorate to concentrations of less than 4 ppb.?The reactor systems described in this report provide a relatively inexpensive method for treating perchlorate-contaminated water. As a side benefit of the process, nitrate is also removed from the water. The process is biological in nature and thus provides a natural method for removing perchlorate from drinking water.?Originally published by AwwaRF for its subscribers in 2004.?This publication can also be purchased and downloaded via Pay Per View on Water Intelligence Online - click on the Pay Per View icon below

Complex fluid flows are encountered widely in nature, in living beings and in engineering practice. These flows often involve both geometric and dynamic complexity and present problems that are difficult to analyse because of their wide range of length and time scales, as well as their geometric configuration. This book describes some computational techniques and modelling strategies for analysing and predicting complex transport phenomena. It summarizes advances in the context of a pressure-based algorithm. Among methods discussed are discretization schemes for treating convection and pressure, parallel computing, multigrid methods, and composite, multiblock techniques. With respect to physical modelling, the book addresses issues of turbulence closure and multiscale, multiphase transport from an engineering viewpoint. Both fundamental and practical issues are considered, along with the relative merits of competing approaches. Numerous examples are given throughout the text. Mechanical, aerospace, chemical and materials engineers can use the techniques presented in this book to tackle important, practical problems more effectively.

Complex fluid flows are encountered widely in nature, in living beings and in engineering practice. These flows often involve both geometric and dynamic complexity and present problems that are difficult to analyse because of their wide range of length and time scales, as well as their geometric configuration. This book describes some computational techniques and modelling strategies for analysing and predicting complex transport phenomena. It summarizes advances in the context of a pressure-based algorithm. Among methods discussed are discretization schemes for treating convection and pressure, parallel computing, multigrid methods, and composite, multiblock techniques. With respect to physical modelling, the book addresses issues of turbulence closure and multiscale, multiphase transport from an engineering viewpoint. Both fundamental and practical issues are considered, along with the relative merits of competing approaches. Numerous examples are given throughout the text. Mechanical, aerospace, chemical and materials engineers can use the techniques presented in this book to tackle important, practical problems more effectively.

The objective of the project was to develop in the laboratory, and test in the field, a biological water treatment process for treating perchlorate-contaminated water. Bench- scale experiments were conducted on three processes: a packed bed reactor amended with soluble substrates (acetate); a hydrogen gas fed four-phase unsaturated trickle-type packed column; and a membrane-immobilized biofilm reactor. Based on these tests, one reactor system, an acetate-fed packed bed reactor (PSU-O4?system), was selected for further testing in pilot-plant tests at the Texas Street well field in Redlands, California.All three systems successfully removed perchlorate at rates sufficient to achieve an acceptable level of perchlorate removal for subsequent treatment for potable use. Pilot- scale tests at the Redlands site in California showed that perchlorate could be removed to non-detectable levels (< 4 ?g/L) in the fixed bed reactor. Backwashing the reactor weekly to remove biomass was needed to assure acceptable performance.?In Phase 1, bench-scale reactors were constructed to test the ability of these different bioreactors to degrade perchlorate to low concentrations. The packed-bed reactors (saturated and unsaturated flow conditions) were tested in the environmental engineering laboratories at Penn State University, while the membrane-immobilized reactor experiments were conducted at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.? Most experiments were conducted using an artificial groundwater spiked with perchlorate at various concentrations. In the last series of experiments, nitrate was added to the water to study its effect on perchlorate degradation. These results were then compared to perchlorate removal using actual water samples taken from the Redlands-Crafton site containing perchlorate at concentrations of 60?80 ppb. In Phase 2, pilot-scale reactors were tested at the Redlands Site in California to examine the ability of the system to reduce perchlorate to concentrations of less than 4 ppb.?The reactor systems described in this report provide a relatively inexpensive method for treating perchlorate-contaminated water. As a side benefit of the process, nitrate is also removed from the water. The process is biological in nature and thus provides a natural method for removing perchlorate from drinking water.?Originally published by AwwaRF for its subscribers in 2004.?This publication can also be purchased and downloaded via Pay Per View on Water Intelligence Online - click on the Pay Per View icon below