Although international development discourse considers the state as a crucial development actor, there remains a significant discrepancy between the official norms of the state and public services and the actual practices of political elites and civil servants.

This text interrogates the variety of ways in which state policies and legal norms have been translated into the set of practical norms which make up real governance in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that the concept of practical norms is an appropriate tool for an ethnographic investigation of public bureaucracies, interactions between civil servants and users, and the daily functioning of the state in Africa. It demonstrates that practical norms are usually different from official norms, complementing, bypassing and even contradicting them. In addition, it explores the positive and negative effects of different aspects of this ‘real governance’.

This text will be of key interest to academics, students and researchers in the fields of development, political science, anthropology and development studies, African studies, international comparative studies, implementation studies, and public policy.

Although international development discourse considers the state as a crucial development actor, there remains a significant discrepancy between the official norms of the state and public services and the actual practices of political elites and civil servants.

This text interrogates the variety of ways in which state policies and legal norms have been translated into the set of practical norms which make up real governance in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that the concept of practical norms is an appropriate tool for an ethnographic investigation of public bureaucracies, interactions between civil servants and users, and the daily functioning of the state in Africa. It demonstrates that practical norms are usually different from official norms, complementing, bypassing and even contradicting them. In addition, it explores the positive and negative effects of different aspects of this ‘real governance’.

This text will be of key interest to academics, students and researchers in the fields of development, political science, anthropology and development studies, African studies, international comparative studies, implementation studies, and public policy.

Marginal in status a decade ago, cash transfer programs have become the preferred channel for delivering emergency aid or tackling poverty in low- and middle-income countries. While these programs have had positive effects, they are typical of top-down development interventions in that they impose on local contexts standardized norms and procedures regarding conditionality, targeting, and delivery. This book sheds light on the crucial importance of these contexts and the many unpredicted consequences of cash transfer programs worldwide - detailing how the latter are used by actors to pursue their own strategies, and how external norms are reinterpreted, circumvented, and contested by local populations.

Pourquoi les projets de développement, les interventions des ONG ou les politiques publiques nationales sont-ils tous soumis à d’importants écarts entre ce qui était prévu et ce qui se passe effectivement ? Cet ouvrage apporte une réponse documentée à ce « problème des écarts ».Les politiques publiques standardisées, telles les politiques de développement omniprésentes en Afrique, méconnaissent les contextes dans lesquels elles sont mises en oeuvre. Dans cette confrontation, les acteurs locaux jouent un rôle majeur. Les multiples stratégies de contournement des directives et protocoles officiels suivent des « normes pratiques » implicites ignorées des experts internationaux, mais que l’observation du terrain peut mettre en évidence. C’est un phénomène qui va au-delà du développement : tout se passe comme si l’Afrique révélait de façon paroxystique une revanche des contextes dont on peut trouver des exemples dans le monde entier.Pour analyser ces processus, un dialogue est noué entre d’une part des données de terrain particulièrement riches, et d’autre part une vaste littérature en sciences sociales revisitée afin de mieux rendre compte des réalités observées.Le diagnostic est structuré autour de quelques concepts clés : modèles voyageurs, normes pratiques, modes de gouvernance et logiques sociales. Tout entier consacré à une démarche analytique rigoureuse, sans complaisance et sans polémique, il se termine néanmoins par une prise de risque face à la redoutable question « que faire ? », en suggérant de mettre les normes pratiques au centre de toute intervention et de valoriser les « experts contextuels » aujourd’hui invisibles.Ce livre constitue une contribution majeure à l’analyse des effets inattendus des politiques publiques.

Although international development discourse considers the state as a crucial development actor, there remains a significant discrepancy between the official norms of the state and public services and the actual practices of political elites and civil servants.

This text interrogates the variety of ways in which state policies and legal norms have been translated into the set of practical norms which make up real governance in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that the concept of practical norms is an appropriate tool for an ethnographic investigation of public bureaucracies, interactions between civil servants and users, and the daily functioning of the state in Africa. It demonstrates that practical norms are usually different from official norms, complementing, bypassing and even contradicting them. In addition, it explores the positive and negative effects of different aspects of this ‘real governance’.

This text will be of key interest to academics, students and researchers in the fields of development, political science, anthropology and development studies, African studies, international comparative studies, implementation studies, and public policy.

Although international development discourse considers the state as a crucial development actor, there remains a significant discrepancy between the official norms of the state and public services and the actual practices of political elites and civil servants.

This text interrogates the variety of ways in which state policies and legal norms have been translated into the set of practical norms which make up real governance in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that the concept of practical norms is an appropriate tool for an ethnographic investigation of public bureaucracies, interactions between civil servants and users, and the daily functioning of the state in Africa. It demonstrates that practical norms are usually different from official norms, complementing, bypassing and even contradicting them. In addition, it explores the positive and negative effects of different aspects of this ‘real governance’.

This text will be of key interest to academics, students and researchers in the fields of development, political science, anthropology and development studies, African studies, international comparative studies, implementation studies, and public policy.

Marginal in status a decade ago, cash transfer programs have become the preferred channel for delivering emergency aid or tackling poverty in low- and middle-income countries. While these programs have had positive effects, they are typical of top-down development interventions in that they impose on local contexts standardized norms and procedures regarding conditionality, targeting, and delivery. This book sheds light on the crucial importance of these contexts and the many unpredicted consequences of cash transfer programs worldwide - detailing how the latter are used by actors to pursue their own strategies, and how external norms are reinterpreted, circumvented, and contested by local populations.

Pourquoi les projets de développement, les interventions des ONG ou les politiques publiques nationales sont-ils tous soumis à d’importants écarts entre ce qui était prévu et ce qui se passe effectivement ? Cet ouvrage apporte une réponse documentée à ce « problème des écarts ».Les politiques publiques standardisées, telles les politiques de développement omniprésentes en Afrique, méconnaissent les contextes dans lesquels elles sont mises en oeuvre. Dans cette confrontation, les acteurs locaux jouent un rôle majeur. Les multiples stratégies de contournement des directives et protocoles officiels suivent des « normes pratiques » implicites ignorées des experts internationaux, mais que l’observation du terrain peut mettre en évidence. C’est un phénomène qui va au-delà du développement : tout se passe comme si l’Afrique révélait de façon paroxystique une revanche des contextes dont on peut trouver des exemples dans le monde entier.Pour analyser ces processus, un dialogue est noué entre d’une part des données de terrain particulièrement riches, et d’autre part une vaste littérature en sciences sociales revisitée afin de mieux rendre compte des réalités observées.Le diagnostic est structuré autour de quelques concepts clés : modèles voyageurs, normes pratiques, modes de gouvernance et logiques sociales. Tout entier consacré à une démarche analytique rigoureuse, sans complaisance et sans polémique, il se termine néanmoins par une prise de risque face à la redoutable question « que faire ? », en suggérant de mettre les normes pratiques au centre de toute intervention et de valoriser les « experts contextuels » aujourd’hui invisibles.Ce livre constitue une contribution majeure à l’analyse des effets inattendus des politiques publiques.