Josep Díaz - Böcker

In turn, the book’s second part is devoted to mathematical and computational methods applied to the pricing of financial contracts and the measurement of financial risks. Quantitative Finance is a highly active field of research and is increasingly attracting the interest of academics and practitioners alike.

The 31st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2004) was held from July 12 to July 16 in Turku, Finland. This volume contains all contributed papers presented at ICALP 2004, together with the invitedlecturesbyPhilippeFlajolet(INRIA),RobertHarper(CarnegieMellon), Monika Henzinger (Google), Martin Hofmann (Munich), Alexander Razborov (Princeton and Moscow), Wojciech Rytter (Warsaw and NJIT), and Mihalis Yannakakis (Stanford). ICALP is a series of annual conferences of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS). The ?rst ICALP took place in 1972 and the ICALP program currently consists of track A (focusing on algorithms, automata, complexity, and cryptography) and track B (focusing on databases, logics, semantics, and principles of programming). Inresponsetothecallforpapers,theprogramcommitteereceived379papers, 272 for track A and 107 for track B. This is the highest number of submitted papersinthehistoryofICALPconferences.Theprogramcommitteesselected97 papersforinclusionintothescienti?cprogram.Theprogramcommitteefortrack A met on March 27 and 28 in Barcelona and selected 69 papers from track A.TheprogramcommitteefortrackBselected28papersfromtrackBinthecourse of an electronic discussion lasting for two weeks in the second half of March. The selections were based on originality, quality, and relevance to theor- ical computer science. We wish to thank all authors who submitted extended abstracts for consideration, the program committee for its hard work, and all referees who assisted the program committee in the evaluation process.

This is the joint refereed proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Approximation Algorithms for Combinatorial Optimization Problems, APPROX 2006 and the 10th International Workshop on Randomization and Computation, RANDOM 2006. The book presents 44 carefully reviewed and revised full papers. Among the topics covered are design and analysis of approximation algorithms, hardness of approximation problems, small spaces and data streaming algorithms, embeddings and metric space methods, and more.

TAPSOFT '89 is the Third International Joint Conference on Theory and Practice of Software Development held in Barcelona, Spain, March 13-17, 1989. The conference consisted of three parts: - Advanced Seminar on Foundations of Innovative Software Development - Colloquium on Trees in Algebra and Programming (CAAP '89) - Colloquium on Current Issues in Programming Languages (CCIPL) The TAPSOFT '89 Conference Proceedings are published in two volumes. The first volume includes the papers from CAAP plus the more theoretical ones of the invited papers. The second volume comprises the papers from CCIPL and the invited papers more relevant to current issues in programming languages.

TAPSOFT '89 is the Third International Joint Conference on Theory and Practice of Software Development held in Barcelona, Spain, March 13-17, 1989. The conference consissted of three parts: - Advanced Seminar on Foundations of Innovative Software Development - Colloquium on Trees in Algebra and Programming (CAAP '89) - Colloquium on Current Issues in Programming Languages (CCIPL) The TAPSOFT '89 Conference Proceedings are published in two volumes. The first volume includes the papers from CAAP plus the more theoretical ones of the invited papers. The second volume comprises the papers from CCIPL and the invited papers more relevant to current issues in programming languages.

This volume contains the papers presented at the 7th International Conference onAlgorithmsandComplexity(CIAC-2010),whichtookplaceatSapienza,U- versity of Rome, during May 26-28, 2010. The volume contains 30 accepted papers, selected by the Program Comm- tee from 114 submissions received, with an acceptance ratio of 26%. We thank all the authors who submitted papers, the members of the Program Committee and the external reviewers. We are grateful also to the ?ve invited speakers, Ricardo Baeza-Yates (Yahoo! Research), Eran Halperin (Tel Aviv University), Monika Henzinger (EPF Lausanne), Giuseppe F. Italiano (University of Rome Tor Vergata), and Bruce Reed (McGill University), that kindly accepted our invitation to give plenary lectures at the conference. We gratefully acknowledge support from Sapienza, its Department of Computer Science, Yahoo! Research and EATCS. We ?nally would like to thank Saverio Caminiti, Umberto F- raro Petrillo, Emanuele G. Fusco and M. Daniela Salvati for their help in the organization tasks. March 2010 Tiziana Calamoneri Josep D' ?az Conference Organization Steering Committee Giorgio Ausiello Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Giuseppe F.

This is the second volume of a two volume collection on Structural Complexity. This volume assumes as a prerequisite knowledge about the topics treated in Volume I, but the present volume itself is nearly self-contained. As in Volume I, each chapter of this book ends with a section entitled "Bibliographical Remarks", in which the relevant references for the chapter are briefly commented upon. These sections might also be of interest to those wanting an overview of the evolution of the field, as well as relevant related results which are not included in the text. Each chapter includes a section of exercises. The reader is encouraged to spend some time on them. Some results presented as exercises are occasionally used later in the text. A reference is provided for the most interesting and for the most useful exercises. Some exercises are marked with a • to indicate that, to the best knowledge of the authors, the solution has a certain degree of difficulty. Many topics from the field of Structural Complexity are not treated in depth, or not treated at all. The authors bear all responsibility for the choice of topics, which has been made based on the interest of the authors on each topic. Many friends and colleagues have made suggestions or corrections. In partic­ ular we would like to express our gratitude to Richard Beigel, Ron Book, Rafael Casas, Jozef Gruska, Uwe Schoning, Pekka Orponen, and Osamu Watanabe.

In the six years since the first edition of this book was published, the field of Structural Complexity has grown quite a bit. However, we are keeping this volume at the same basic level that it had in the first edition, and the only new result incorporated as an appendix is the closure under complementation of nondeterministic space classes, which in the previous edition was posed as an open problem. This result was already included in our Volume II, but we feel that due to the basic nature of the result, it belongs to this volume. There are of course other important results obtained during these last six years. However, as they belong to new areas opened in the field they are outside the scope of this fundamental volume. Other changes in this second edition are the update of some Bibliograph­ ical Remarks and references, correction of many mistakes and typos, and a renumbering of the definitions and results. Experience has shown us that this new numbering is a lot more friendly, and several readers have confirmed this opinion. For the sake of the reader of Volume II, where all references to Volume I follow the old numbering, we have included here a table indicating the new number corresponding to each of the old ones.