Kenneth J. Button – författare

The quality of transport logistics is now recognized as being vital to the success of many organizations. The ability to transport goods quickly, safely, economically and reliably is seen as vital to a nation's prosperity and capacity to compete in a rapidly globalising economy. Logistics has advanced significantly during since the 1980s as companies have appreciated the gains from such initiatives as limiting inventories, making use of "seamless" distribution services and taking advantage of advances in telecommunication and information technologies. Institutional changes, such as deregulation and privatization, have in many countries led to contexts in which these changes could take place. The integration of transportation into the production process through advanced information systems and the application of modern management techniques is now at the centre of logistics. This volume contains commissioned refereed papers that cover the main elements of transport logistics. The authors were selected from around the world and asked to provide critiques of their subject areas as well as a review of the state of the art and case study examples. These up-to-date contributions cover all the main areas of transport logistics, providing those in the field with current information whilst at the same time offering easy access for those who are new to the field and are seeking review material.

This book discusses transport systems and the implementation of related public policy - a relevant topic with contemporary traffic congestion, environmental intrusion, transport safety, and budget issues. It is a resource for both experienced researchers and those new to the field.

As one of the most challenging issues facing the transport sector, the need for this handbook devoted to the environmental impacts of transport is clear. It gives full treatment to all aspects of the subject such as: environmental concepts, both physical and economic - key environmental concerns: global warming, air quality, noise, safety, amenity, and severance; the role of fuel sources and new technology in reducing environmental externalities; the contribution of each transport sector to energy consumption and emissions - appraisal, valuation, and impacts of externalities; institutional and political settings and policies - the role of environmental legislation; and special topics such as tourism, public attitudes, and gender. Each chapter was specially commissioned from an acknowledged world expert on the topic. Each offers an overview and useful insights to those familiar with the area as well as those new to it. Systematic and thorough in its creation, current and acessible in its content, and authoritative and international in its authorship, the "Handbook of Transport and the Environment" will be the definitive reference work on this important subject.

Transport systems, the vital arteries of modern societies and economies, shape our world and are shaped by it. The subject of this volume is the dynamic interactions between transport and the physical, economic, and human geographies it weaves through. Transport plays a central role in economic development and growth. It profoundly affects the socio-economic characteristics and spatial form of urban centres and rural areas alike. A new transport link can bring increases in population, in employment, in industrial activity, in wealth. In turn, these changes can lead to demands for further transport improvements. All these factors are explored in the section on Transport and Spatial Form. Sections on Land-use/Transportation Modelling and Data then discuss how to obtain appropriate data and model these transport-geographic phenomena. The past decade has seen substantial research efforts devoted to improving transport modelling techniques, and the state of the art is described here. GIS and GPS are powerful technologies with a wide range of potential applications in this field, in which great advances have been made in recent years. Each therefore has a whole section devoted to it, both to established applications and to those yet to be fully exploited. While all these and the section on Network Analysis may be regarded as core areas, topics on the frontiers are also covered in this comprehensive volume, with sections on Spatial Cognition, GeoSimulation, and Time Use. Each chapter was specially commissioned from an acknowledged world expert on its topic. Each offers an overview and useful insights to those familiar with the area as well as those new to it. Systematic and thorough in its creation, current and accessible in its content, and authoritative and international in its authorship, the "Handbook of Transport Geography and Spatial Systems" will be the definitive reference work on this important subject.

Privatisation, regulation, deregulation, competition, funding, evaluation: these are all transport policy issues of great current interest worldwide, in the public arena as well as among researchers. In 46 chapters by acknowledged experts on their topics, these and other aspects of transport policy and planning are addressed in this, the sixth "Handbook in Transport". The work is organised into sections covering: Institutional Settings and Markets; Planning Perspectives; Asset Management and Funding; Regulatory Issues; Evaluation Frameworks; and National Studies.Within this section structure this wide-ranging volume embraces: the collection of data (and its transformation into information); the formation of policy objectives by government (at all its different levels); the establishment of institutional structures to attain these goals; the resourcing of these institutions; the implementation of actions; and the policing and monitoring of outcomes. It employs a variety of disciplinary perspectives, including economics, politics, law, physical planning, psychology and engineering. It will be of value to students, researchers, and practitioners approaching transport from any of these perspectives. "Edited by two of the leading figures in transportation research and dissemination, these handbooks are likely to become the essential reference work in the field." - DR John Preston, Diresctor, Transport Studies Unit, University Of Oxford.

Since 2000, there has been an exponential amount of research completed in the field of transport modelling thereby creating a need for an expanded and revised edition of this book. National transport models have taken on the new modelling methods and there have been theoretical and empirical advances in performance measurement. Coverage will include current demand methods, data issues, valuation, cost and performance, and updated traffic models. Supplementary case studies will illustrate how modelling can be applied to the study of the different transport modes and the infrastructures that support them.The second edition of this handbook will continue to be an essential reference for researchers and practitioners in the field. All contributions are by leading experts in their fields and there is extensive cross-referencing of subject matter. This book features expanded coverage on emerging trends and updated case studies. It addresses models for specific applications (i.e. parking, national traffic forecasting, public transport, urban freight movements, and logistics management).

Infrared and Millimeter Waves V7

Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Volume 8: Electromagnetic Waves in Matter, Part I compiles the work of several authors while focusing on certain aspects of infrared and millimeter waves, such as sources of radiation, instrumentation, and millimeter systems. This volume discusses electromagnetic waves in matter. The first chapter covers the properties of the dielectric materials, which is then followed by a discussion of far-infrared spectroscopy on high polymers. Chapter 3 tackles submillimeter solid-state physics, and Chapter 4 reviews the theory of infrared and far-infrared free-carrier behavior in semiconductors. The improvements in pyroelectric detectors are then reviewed. The sixth chapter discusses cyclotron and Zeeman transitions in photoexcited semiconductors at far infrared, while the seventh chapter discusses high temperature infrared reflectivity spectroscopy. Chapter 8 covers millimeter and submillimeter waves'' interaction with giant atoms. The last chapter is about spectroscopy of InAs-GaSb layered structures. This book will be of great use to researchers or professionals whose work involves infrared and millimeter waves.

Infrared and Millimeter Waves is a series of books that compiles the work of several authors, with each volume focusing on certain aspects of infrared and millimeter waves, such as sources of radiation, instrumentation, and millimeter systems. Organized into seven chapters, the book discusses topics that are relevant to submillimeter techniques. The first chapter is a review of submillimeter and short millimeter wave-detection techniques. The next chapter covers the optimization of Schottky-barrier diodes, and the following chapter covers pyroelectricity. The fourth chapter covers photon drag, while the fifth chapter covers electrically excited submillimeter-wave lasers. The sixth and seventh chapters discuss submillimeter magneto spectroscopy and cyclotron resonance, respectively. This book will be of great use to researchers and professionals whose work involves infrared and millimeter waves.

Infrared and Millimeter Waves is a series of books that compiles the work of several authors, with each volume focusing on certain aspect of infrared and millimeter waves, such as sources of radiation, instrumentation, and millimeter systems. This is particularly related to systems and components. Consisting of six chapters, the book first offers a review of infrared and submillimeter spectroscopy of the atmosphere. The next chapter provides a comprehensive coverage of interferometric spectrometers. Chapter three discusses general principles of infrared detectors, treatment of photon detectors, bolometers, and coherent detectors. The fourth chapter discusses the use of metal-semiconductor junctions as frequency converters. Next, the book reviews quasi-optical techniques at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. The last chapter tackles far-infrared and submillimeter-wavelength filters. This book will be of great use to researchers and professionals whose work involves infrared and millimeter waves.

Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Volume 14: Millimeter Components and Techniques, Part V is concerned with millimeter-wave guided propagation and integrated circuits. In addition to millimeter-wave planar integrated circuits and subsystems, this book covers transducer configurations and integrated-circuit techniques, antenna arrays, optoelectronic devices, and tunable gyrotrons. Millimeter-wave gallium arsenide (GaAs) IMPATT diodes are also discussed. This monograph is comprised of six chapters and begins with a description of millimeter-wave integrated-circuit transducers, focusing on various designs and trade-offs and providing hardware examples. The next chapter deals with millimeter-wave planar integrated circuits based on three transmission media: microstrip lines, suspended strip lines, and fin lines. Various transmission media and substrates are first considered, followed by design considerations and performances of several integrated-circuit components, including mixers, IMPATT oscillators, frequency multipliers, switches, filters, couplers, and ferrite devices. A few selected subsystems are also discussed. The following chapters look at planar millimeter-wave antenna arrays; optoelectronic devices for millimeter waves; and the state of the art in GaAs IMPATT diode technology for both cw and pulsed modes of operation. The final chapter is devoted to the gyrotron or electron cyclotron resonance maser. This text will be a useful resource for physicists and electronics and electrical engineers.

Infrared and Millimeter Waves V10

Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Volume 11: Millimeter Components and Techniques, Part III compiles the work of several authors while focusing on certain aspects of infrared and millimeter waves, such as sources of radiation, instrumentation, and millimeter systems. This volume covers millimeter components and techniques. The first chapter is a review of indium phosphide and gallium arsenide transferred-electron devices, while the next chapter covers nonradiative dielectric waveguide. Chapter 3 discusses groove guide for short millimetric waveguide systems. This book then tackles the application of oversized cavities for millimeter-wave spectroscopy, and Chapter 5 discusses powerful gyrotrons. Chapter 6 covers some perspectives on operating frequency increase in gyrotrons; Chapter 7 covers phase noise and AM noise measurement in the frequency domain. The last chapter discusses the basic design considerations for free-electron lasers driven by electron beams from rf. This book will be of great use to researchers or professionals whose work involves infrared and millimeter waves.

Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Volume 13: Millimeter Components and Techniques, Part IV compiles the work of several authors while focusing on certain aspects of infrared and millimeter waves, such as sources of radiation, instrumentation, and millimeter systems. This volume covers millimeter components and techniques. This text first covers the use of powerful gyrotrons for thermonuclear research, and then discusses high-power coherent radiation sources. Kinetic theory of harmonic gyrotron oscillator with slotted resonant structure is the focus of Chapter 3, while integrated fin-line components for communication, radar, and radiometer applications is the subject of Chapter 4. The fifth chapter discusses propagation and mode coupling in corrugated and smooth-wall circular waveguides. Chapter 6 discusses far-infrared properties of inhomogeneous materials, and the last chapter covers solid-state spectroscopy with far-infrared continuous-wave lasers. This book will be of great use to researchers or professionals whose work involves infrared and millimeter waves.

Infrared and Millimeter Waves is a series of books that compiles the work of several authors, with each volume focusing on certain aspects of infrared and millimeter waves, such as sources of radiation, instrumentation, and millimeter systems. This book concerns itself with millimeter systems. Comprised of seven chapters, this book discusses several systems that involve the use of millimeter waves, such as radars and missile guidance systems. The first chapter provides a comprehensive overview of millimeter waves, while the succeeding chapter discusses several technologies that involve millimeter systems, such as radar, missile guidance, and imaging systems. This book will be of great use to researchers and professionals whose work involves infrared and millimeter waves.

Infrared and Millimeter Waves

Infrared and Millimeter Waves is a series of books that compiles the work of several authors, with each volume focusing on certain aspects of infrared and millimeter waves, such as sources of radiation, instrumentation, and millimeter systems. This book is the first of a two-part volume that covers the coherent sources and applications of infrared and millimeter waves. The first chapter discusses sources and applications, while the second chapter provides a comprehensive discussion about spectroscopy of molecules by far-infrared laser emission. This is followed by a discussion of stark spectroscopy and frequency tuning in optically pumped far-infrared molecular lasers. Measured performance of gyrotron oscillators and amplifiers is also covered. This book will be of great use to researchers and professionals whose work involves infrared and millimeter waves.

Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Volume 9: Millimeter Components and Techniques, Part I compiles the work of several authors while focusing on certain aspects of infrared and millimeter waves, such as sources of radiation, instrumentation, and millimeter systems. This volume deals with millimeter components and techniques. Chapter 1 covers millimeter wave communications, and then the succeeding chapter discusses a comparative study of millimeter waves and transmission lines. This book then tackles dielectric waveguide electrooptic devices, as well as millimeter-wave propagation and remote sensing of the atmosphere, which are covered in Chapter 4. The fifth chapter presents the technology of large radio telescopes for millimeter and submillimeter. The next chapter explains a gyrotron study program, and the last chapter discusses multimode analysis of quasi-optical gyrotrons and gyroklystrons. This book will be of great use for researchers or professionals whose work involves infrared and millimeter waves.

Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Volume 12: Electromagnetic Waves in Matter, Part II compiles the work of several authors while focusing on certain aspects of infrared and millimeter waves, such as sources of radiation, instrumentation, and millimeter systems. This volume covers electromagnetic waves in matter. Consist of six chapters, this book deals first with the millimeter-wave dielectric properties of materials, and then discusses low-frequency vibrations in long-chain molecules and polymers by far-infrared spectroscopy. The third chapter covers infrared magnetooptical spectroscopy in semiconductors and magnetic materials in high pulsed magnetic fields. Chapter 4 discusses spectral thermal infrared emission of the terrestrial atmosphere. Chapter 5 investigates frequency tuning and efficiency enhancement of high-power far-infrared lasers, while the last chapter discusses far-infrared laser scanner for high-voltage cable inspection. This book will be of great use to researchers or professionals whose work involves infrared and millimeter waves.

Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Volume 15: Millimeter Components and Techniques, Part VI is concerned with millimeter-wave guided propagation and integrated circuits. This book covers low-noise receiver technology for near-millimeter wavelengths; dielectric image-line antennas; EHF satellite communications (SATCOM) terminal antennas; and semiconductor antennas for millimeter-wave integrated circuits. A scanning airborne radiometer for 30 and 90 GHz and a self-oscillating mixer are also described. This monograph is comprised of six chapters and begins with a discussion on the design of low-noise receivers, with emphasis on problems encountered at near-millimeter wavelengths. Optimization of the material parameters and device topology for both Schottky-barrier diodes and superconducting mixer elements are considered. Some representative examples of state-of-the-art mixers and receivers, designed to operate at frequencies of 100-1000 GHz, are given in order to illustrate the way in which practical, high-performance millimeter-wave devices can be constructed. The following chapters focus on a scanning airborne radiometer for 30 and 90 GHz; a self-oscillating mixer; dielectric image-line antennas; and EHF SATCOM terminal antennas. The final chapter is devoted to semiconductor dipole antennas for millimeter-wave sensors, with particular reference to the basic concepts leading to the development of semiconductor dipoles. A theoretical formulation for tubular semiconductor dipoles is outlined and numerical results are presented to assess their characteristics. This text will be a valuable resource for physicists and electronics and electrical engineers.

Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Volume 16: Electromagnetic Waves in Matter, Part III deals with electromagnetic devices based on infrared and millimeter waves. This book covers infrared optoacoustics; freestanding fine-wire grids for use in millimeter- and submillimeter-wave spectroscopy; and population inversion and far-infrared (FIR) emission of hot electrons in semiconductors. The theory on distributed feedback lasers with weak and strong modulations is also considered. This monograph is comprised of six chapters and begins with a discussion on the optoacoustic effect in the infrared, with emphasis on where optoacoustics and infrared physics combine in the areas of Fourier spectroscopy, optically pumped FIR lasers, and photothermal non-destructive remote material evaluation. The next chapter presents the basic principles of the theory on distributed feedback lasers with weak and strong modulations, together with results of analytical and numerical calculations. The following chapters focus on the construction of freestanding fine-wire grids for use in millimeter- and submillimeter-wave spectroscopy; general equations for the mean distance between impurity ions in solid-state devices, signal vectors in communication theory, and stars in the solar neighborhood; and prospects for hot-carrier systems in active FIR solid-state devices. The final chapter is devoted to quenched germanium and its FIR optical properties. This text will be a valuable resource for physicists and electronics and electrical engineers.

Meta-analysis is a formal synthesis of results and findings of scientific studies, which can assist in gaining new insights, explaining differences between results of similar studies, or determine useful directions of research. In this volume the focus is upon the use of meta-analysis in environmental economics and related fields of study. The first part of the book covers the overall meta-approach methodology for social sciences and economics in particular. This is followed by technical and non-technical discussions of statistical and rough-set techniques for analysis. At appropriate places this is supplemented with reviews of applications in environmental economics and related fields. In the second part of the book a number of case studies show different aspects of the application of meta-analysis. The research areas considered include, among others, tourism multipliers, air pollution valuation, risk and value of life, pesticide price policy, travel time savings, and transport externality and policy issues.The benefits of the appropriate application of meta-analysis in environmental economics are a better use of existing information and knowledge, removal of some of the subjectivity from analysis and forecasting, and greater clarity as to where future efforts in environmental economic analysis can most gainfully be deployed.

This book represents a compendium of the twenty most useful far-infrared (or submillimeter) lasers. In the case of each laser described here, we have been fortunate to have the author who is the pioneer and acknowledged authority describe the principles of operation and to prepare the list of emission lines. Until these lasers were developed during the past decade, the submillimeter range of the spectrum has been almost barren due to lack of sources of radiation. The lasers described here remain the only practical, powerful source of radiation between the wavelengths of one millimeter and ten micrometers. Many hundreds of emission lines have been listed here, some providing hundreds of kilowatts of peak power in pulsed operation, others providing many tens of milliwatts of continuous power. The hundreds of wavelengths of the emission lines are so closely spaced in the wavelength range between one millimeter and one-tenth millimeter that this source of radiation can be considered to be step-tunable. Of course, labora­ tory scientists still depend upon the black body source (mercury vapor lamp) and the Fourier transform spectrometer to provide con­ tinuous spectra, but for this we must deal with true energy starva­ tion at the sub-microwatt level. This critical review can be expected to serve as a handbook for decades in the future because it contains descriptions of fundamen­ tal principles and listings of fundamental physical data.

This book represents a compendium of the twenty most useful far-infrared (or submillimeter) lasers. In the case of each laser described here, we have been fortunate to have the author who is the pioneer and acknowledged authority describe the principles of operation and to prepare the list of emission lines. Until these lasers were developed during the past decade, the submillimeter range of the spectrum has been almost barren due to lack of sources of radiation. The lasers described here remain the only practical, powerful source of radiation between the wavelengths of one millimeter and ten micrometers. Many hundreds of emission lines have been listed here, some providing hundreds of kilowatts of peak power in pulsed operation, others providing many tens of milliwatts of continuous power. The hundreds of wavelengths of the emission lines are so closely spaced in the wavelength range between one millimeter and one-tenth millimeter that this source of radiation can be considered to be step-tunable. Of course, labora­ tory scientists still depend upon the black body source (mercury vapor lamp) and the Fourier transform spectrometer to provide con­ tinuous spectra, but for this we must deal with true energy starva­ tion at the sub-microwatt level. This critical review can be expected to serve as a handbook for decades in the future because it contains descriptions of fundamen­ tal principles and listings of fundamental physical data.

This is the first book in the series that is being called The Reviews of Infrared and Millimeter Waves. The series will contain the manuscripts of invited papers from conferences on this subject. This first book contains some of the invited papers from the XXth General Assembly of the Union-Radio-Scientifique Internationale, Washington, August, 1981. We were asked by the URSI Cornmittee to organize a two day symposium on millimeter and submillimeter waves This required the difficult choice of five topics which turned out to be (1) Ultra-low Noise Millimeter Wave Rec~ivers (Detectors and Mixers), (2) Free Electron Maser and Gyrotron, (3) Measurements of Power and Noise Power, (4) Complex Dielectric Properties of Solids and Liquids, and (5) Radioastronomy. We have not yet collected all the m . . nuscripts and perhaps we never shall because the tine-. consur. J. ing effort required to prepare a comprehensive review nanuscript works a hardship on research scientists who are already overburdened. 've are particularly grateful, therefore, to the authors lVho have worked so hard to contribute the chapters to this book.The first four chapters contibute to the timely topic of detectors, nixers and re- ceivers. These authors: Tucker, Feldman, Rudner, Okamura, Hogg and their well-known colleagues have been among the leaders in this exciting emerging field for the past few years. The fifth chapter by Sakai and Genzel is the most comprehensive treatment of the metal mesh filter science that can be found in one place.

Topics in Millimeter Wave Technology is a compendium of papers dealing with plasma waves, TUNNETT diodes, and solid-state devices. One paper describes the application of the TUNNET diode, a semiconductor with a coherent signal source of over 100 GHz to 1000 GHz. The paper notes the possibility of achieving more than 1000 GHz through sophisticated device fabrication technology. Another paper discusses the use of computer-aided testing of superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junction whose mixing properties are effected by the ski-sloped shape of the current-voltage curve. Such testing methods are useful at fixed or variable temperatures from 15 K to 300 K. One paper reviews the collective Thomson scattering theory, including the application of the multichannel far-infrared scattering system in the basic tokamak plasma physics. Another paper discusses the static induction transistor for very high frequency operation as the millimeter to submillimeter wave region is the ideal static induction transistor in ballistic devices. This review material can be helpful for nuclear scientists, nuclear engineers, students of physics, and researchers involved in plasma physics and semiconductor technology.

Meta-analysis is a formal synthesis of results and findings of scientific studies, which can assist in gaining new insights, explaining differences between results of similar studies, or determine useful directions of research. In this book we focus on the use of meta-analysis in environmental economics and related fields of study. The first part of the book covers the overall meta-approach methodology for social sciences and economics in particular. This is followed by technical and non-technical discussions of statistical and rough-set techniques for analysis. At appropriate places this is supplemented with reviews of applications in environmental economics and related fields. In the second part of the book a number of case studies show different aspects of the application of meta-analysis. The research areas considered include, among others, tourism multipliers, air pollution valuation, risk and value of life, pesticide price policy, travel time savings, and transport externality and policy issues. The benefits of the appropriate application of meta-analysis in environmental economics are a better use of existing information and knowledge, removal of some of the subjectivity from analysis and forecasting, and greater clarity as to where future efforts in environmental economic analysis can most gainfully be deployed.